Law / Scraping
Scraping law, instrument by instrument
Law on collecting data by automated means from sites and systems you do not own: computer-access offenses, a site's terms of use, copyright and database rights in the copies a crawler makes, with their text and data mining exceptions, and what a robots.txt file means in law. In practice, it applies when your code crawls or scrapes the web, monitors prices, or gathers training data; showing what you collected to your own users is Reuse law.
Every scraping law instrument LexLint holds, grouped by the jurisdiction that made it. Choose which stages of law to show: the map, the counts and the tables all answer to that choice. To see every area of law, follow Law in the breadcrumb above.
- 1
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- 20+
- instruments shown
- law on file, none at these stages
- tracked, no law on file
- not tracked
Unions8 in 1 jurisdiction
Law made above the state, binding its members.
Countries456 in 193 jurisdictions
Grouped by region, the European Union heading its member states as a block; alphabetical within each group.
| Instrument | When |
|---|---|
| Europe | |
| European Union · 27 member states | |
 Austria
at
4 instruments
| |
| UrhG Section 42h, Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionUrhG Sec. 42h, BGBl. Nr. 111/1936 as amended by BGBl. I Nr. 244/2021 | since |
| UWG Section 1, General Unfair Commercial Practices ClauseUWG Sec. 1, BGBl. Nr. 448/1984 | since |
| StGB Sections 118a and 126a to 126c, Computer-Misuse OffensesStGB Sec. 118a, 126a-126c, BGBl. Nr. 60/1974 as amended | since |
| UrhG Sections 76c to 76e, Sui Generis Database RightUrhG Sec. 76c-76e, BGBl. Nr. 111/1936 | since |
 Belgium
be
3 instruments
| |
| Code pénal, Livre II, articles 524 à 533, accès non autorisé et sabotage dans un système informatiqueCode pénal, Livre II, arts. 524-533 (accès non autorisé et sabotage dans un système informatique), inséré par la loi du 29 février 2024 introduisant le livre II du Code pénal; peines fixées au Livre Ier, art. 36 et 38 | since |
| Code de droit économique, article XI.190, 20°, exception de fouille de textes et de donnéesCode de droit économique, art. XI.190, 20°, inséré par la loi du 19 juin 2022 transposant partiellement la directive (UE) 2019/790 (Moniteur belge, 1 août 2022) | since |
| Code de droit économique, livre XI, titre 7, droit des producteurs de bases de données (articles XI.305 à XI.310/1)Code de droit économique, livre XI, titre 7, droit des producteurs de bases de données (arts. XI.305 à XI.310/1), inséré par la loi du 19 avril 2014 et modifié par la loi du 19 juin 2022 | since |
 Bulgaria
bg
3 instruments
| |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act (ZAPSP), Arts. 26e, 26zh and 26k, Text-and-Data-Mining Exception for Crawling and TrainingZAPSP crawling-training TDM exception (Закон за авторското право и сродните му права, Zakon za avtorskoto pravo i srodnite mu prava), chl. 26e, 26zh i 26k, izm. i dop. DV br. 100 ot 1 dekemvri 2023 g. | since |
| Criminal Code (Nakazatelen kodeks), Art. 319a, Unauthorized Access to an Information SystemНаказателен кодекс (НК, Nakazatelen kodeks), chl. 319a, obn. DV br. 26 ot 1968 g., izm. DV br. 53 ot 2022 g. | in force |
| Criminal Code (Nakazatelen kodeks), Art. 319b, Interference with Data in an Information SystemНаказателен кодекс (НК, Nakazatelen kodeks), chl. 319b, obn. DV br. 26 ot 1968 g., izm. DV br. 53 ot 2022 g. | in force |
 Croatia
hr
2 instruments
| |
| Zakon o autorskom pravu i srodnim pravima, Text and Data Mining Exceptions (Arts. 187-188)Rudarenje teksta i podataka, Zakon o autorskom pravu i srodnim pravima, NN 111/2021, cl. 187-188 | since |
| Kazneni zakon, Computer Crime Chapter (Arts. 266-273)Kazneni zakon, Narodne novine 125/11, 144/12, 56/15, 61/15, 101/17, 118/18, 126/19, 84/21, Glava XXV., cl. 266-273 | since |
 Cyprus
cy
3 instruments
| |
| Intellectual Property and Related Rights Law, Article 25 (Text and Data Mining Exception)L. 155(I)/2022, art. 15, inserting article 25 into the Intellectual Property Rights and Related Rights Law (L. 59/1976, as amended) | since |
| Attacks against Information Systems Law, Articles 3, 4, 7, 11-12 (Illegal Access, System Interference, Tools, Corporate Liability)L. 147(I)/2015, arts. 3, 4, 7, 11-12 (transposing Directive 2013/40/EU) | since |
| Convention on Cybercrime Ratifying Law, Article 4 (Illegal Access)L. 22(III)/2004, Article 4 (Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, ETS No. 185, Budapest, 23.11.2001) | since |
 Czech Republic
cz
3 instruments
| |
| Autorský zákon Sections 39c-39d, Text and Data Mining Exception for Automated AnalysisZakon c. 121/2000 Sb., o pravu autorskem (autorsky zakon), Sec. 39c and Sec. 39d, as inserted by Zakon c. 429/2022 Sb. | since |
| Criminal Code Section 230, Unauthorized Access to a Computer SystemZakon c. 40/2009 Sb., trestni zakonik, Sec. 230 | since |
| Autorský zákon Sections 88-94, Sui Generis Database RightZakon c. 121/2000 Sb., o pravu autorskem (autorsky zakon), Sec. 88 to Sec. 94 | in force |
 Denmark
dk
3 instruments
| |
| Ophavsretsloven Sections 11b-11c, Text and Data Mining ExceptionOphavsretsloven, sections 11 b-11 c (Tekst- og datamining), Lovbekendtgorelse nr. 1093 af 20. august 2023, inserted by Lov nr. 680 af 6. juni 2023 | since |
| Straffeloven Section 263, Unauthorized Access to a Data SystemStraffeloven, section 263 (Uberettiget adgang til et datasystem), Lovbekendtgorelse nr. 1294 af 7. november 2025 | since |
| Ophavsretsloven Section 71, Sui Generis Database RightOphavsretsloven, section 71 (Fremstillere af kataloger m.v.), Lovbekendtgorelse nr. 1093 af 20. august 2023 | since |
 Estonia
ee
3 instruments
| |
| Karistusseadustik (Penal Code) Section 217, Illegal Obtaining of Access to a Computer SystemKaristusseadustik, RT I, 12.07.2014, 1, Section 217 | since |
| Karistusseadustik (Penal Code) Sections 206 and 207, Interference with Computer Data and Hindering of Functioning of Computer SystemsKaristusseadustik, RT I, 12.07.2014, 1, Sections 206 and 207 | since |
| Autoriõiguse seadus (Copyright Act) Chapter VIII-1, Sui Generis Right of a Maker of a DatabaseAutoriõiguse seadus, RT I 1999, 97, 859, Sections 75-1 to 75-7, as amended by RT I 2004, 71, 500 | since |
 Finland
fi
3 instruments
| |
| Tekijanoikeuslaki Section 13b, Text-and-Data-Mining Reproduction ExceptionTekijanoikeuslaki, Finland Copyright Act, 13 b sec, as amended by 3.3.2023/263 | since |
| Rikoslaki Chapter 38, Tietomurto and törkeä tietomurto (Computer Break-in and Aggravated Computer Break-in)Rikoslaki (39/1889) 38 luku 8-8a sec, as amended by 10.4.2015/368 | since |
| Tekijanoikeuslaki Section 49, Sui Generis Database and Collection Producer RightTekijanoikeuslaki, Finland Copyright Act, 49 sec | since |
 France
fr
3 instruments
| |
| CPI Technical Protection Measures, Protection of Effective Technical Measures and the Offences of Circumventing ThemCode de la propriété intellectuelle, arts. L331-5 to L331-10 and L335-3-1 | since |
| CPI Sui Generis Database Right, Producer's Right to Prohibit Extraction and ReutilizationCode de la propriete intellectuelle, art. L341-1 a L343-7 (Titre IV, Droits des producteurs de bases de donnees), created by loi n. 98-536 du 1er juillet 1998, transposing Directive 96/9/CE | since |
| Code pénal STAD Offenses, Unauthorized Access to and Interference with Automated Data Processing SystemsCode penal, art. 323-1 a 323-8 (Chapitre III, Des atteintes aux systemes de traitement automatise de donnees) | since |
 Germany
de
8 instruments
| |
| Text und Data Mining (General Text and Data Mining Exception)Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG), § 44b | since |
| Schutz von Geschäftsgeheimnissen: Begriff, erlaubte und verbotene Handlungen (Trade Secret Definition, Permitted Acts and Prohibitions)Gesetz zum Schutz von Geschäftsgeheimnissen (GeschGehG), §§ 2-5 | since |
| Text und Data Mining fuer Zwecke der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Text and Data Mining for Scientific Research)Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG), § 60d | since |
| Verbot unlauterer geschaeftlicher Handlungen und Mitbewerberschutz (General Clause and Competitor Protection)Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG), §§ 3, 4 | since |
| Schutz technischer Massnahmen und Durchsetzung von Schrankenbestimmungen (Protection of Technological Measures)Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG), §§ 95a, 95b | since |
| Schutz des Datenbankherstellers (Sui Generis Database Right)Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG), §§ 87a, 87b, 87c, 87d, 87e | since |
| Ausspaehen, Abfangen und Manipulation von Daten (Computer Misuse and Data Interference)Strafgesetzbuch (StGB), §§ 202a, 202b, 202c, 202d, 303a, 303b | in force |
| Inhaltskontrolle Allgemeiner Geschäftsbedingungen (Content Control of Standard Terms)Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), § 307 | in force |
 Greece
gr
4 instruments
| |
| Penal Code Article 370B (370Β), Illegal Access to an Information System or to DataPoinikos Kodikas, art. 370B, illegal access to an information system or to data (Law 4619/2019, FEK A' 95/11.06.2019) | since |
| Penal Code Article 370D (370Δ), Access to an Information System in Breach of a Prohibition or Security MeasurePoinikos Kodikas, art. 370D (370Δ), para. 2, as ratified by Law 4619/2019 (FEK A' 95/11.06.2019); formerly art. 370C, para. 2, as replaced by Law 4411/2016, art. 2 para. 6 (FEK A' 142/3.8.2016) | since |
| Penal Code Articles 292B (292Β) and 292C (292Γ), Hindering the Operation of Information Systems and Related DevicesPoinikos Kodikas, arts. 292B and 292C, hindering information systems (Law 4619/2019, FEK A' 95/11.06.2019) | since |
| Penal Code Article 370C (370Γ), Violation of Computer Data and Program SecretsPoinikos Kodikas, art. 370C (370Γ), para. 1, as ratified by Law 4619/2019 (FEK A' 95/11.06.2019); formerly art. 370B (370Β) | since |
 Hungary
hu
4 instruments
| |
| Szjt. Section 35/A, Text and Data Mining Exception1999. évi LXXVI. törvény (Szjt.), 35/A. §, as inserted by 2021. évi XXXVII. törvény 10. § | since |
| Szjt. Sections 82/A to 82/C, Press Publishers' Right1999. évi LXXVI. törvény (Szjt.), 82/A–82/C. § (A sajtókiadványok kiadóinak védelme), as inserted by 2021. évi XXXVII. törvény 23. § | since |
| Büntető Törvénykönyv (Criminal Code), Sections 423-424, Violation of Information Systems or Data2012. évi C. törvény (Btk.), 423-424. § (Információs rendszer vagy adat megsértése) | since |
| Szjt. Section 84/A, Sui Generis Database Producer's Right1999. évi LXXVI. törvény (Szjt.), 84/A. § (Az adatbázisok előállítóinak védelme) | since |
 Ireland
ie
6 instruments
| |
| Consumer Rights Act 2022: Unfair Terms in Consumer ContractsConsumer Rights Act 2022 (No. 37 of 2022), Part 6, ss. 127, 129, 130, 137 and 140 | since |
| Text and Data Mining Exceptions, Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 ss. 53A-53BEuropean Union (Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market) Regulations 2021 (S.I. No. 567 of 2021), regs. 3-4, inserting and amending ss. 53A and 53B of the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 | since |
| European Union (Protection of Trade Secrets) Regulations 2018: Lawful and Unlawful Acquisition, Use and DisclosureEuropean Union (Protection of Trade Secrets) Regulations 2018 (S.I. No. 188 of 2018), regs. 3, 5, 6, 14, 16 and 18 | since |
| Criminal Justice (Offences Relating to Information Systems) Act 2017Criminal Justice (Offences Relating to Information Systems) Act 2017 (No. 11 of 2017), ss. 2-6, 8, 13 | since |
| Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000, Database RightCopyright and Related Rights Act 2000 (No. 28 of 2000), Part V, ss. 320, 321, 325 | since |
| Electronic Commerce Act 2000: Legal Effect of Electronic ContractsElectronic Commerce Act 2000 (No. 27 of 2000), s. 19 | since |
 Italy
it
4 instruments
| |
| Legge sul Diritto d'Autore Artt. 70-ter and 70-quater, Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionsLegge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633, artt. 70-ter, 70-quater, inserted by Decreto Legislativo 8 novembre 2021, n. 177; art. 70-septies inserted by Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132, art. 25 | since |
| Legge sul Diritto d'Autore Artt. 102-bis and 102-ter, Sui Generis Database RightLegge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633, artt. 102-bis, 102-ter, inserted by Decreto Legislativo 6 maggio 1999, n. 169 | since |
| Codice Penale Art. 615-quater, Illicit Possession or Distribution of Access DevicesCodice Penale, art. 615-quater, as amended by Legge 28 giugno 2024, n. 90 | since |
| Codice Penale Art. 615-ter, Unauthorized Access to a Computer or Telematic SystemCodice Penale, art. 615-ter, as amended by Legge 28 giugno 2024, n. 90 | since |
| Codice Penale Art. 615-quinquies, Illicit Malware Devices (Repealed)Codice Penale, art. 615-quinquies, repealed by Legge 28 giugno 2024, n. 90, art. 16, comma 1, lettera d) | |
 Latvia
lv
3 instruments
| |
| Autortiesību likums Article 21.1, Text and Data Mining Exception (Scraping and AI Training)Autortiesību likums (scraping), 21.1 pants, pievienots ar 2023. gada 23. marta likumu 'Grozījumi Autortiesību likumā' (Latvijas Vēstnesis, 67, 04.04.2023.), stājas spēkā 05.04.2023. | since |
| Autortiesību likums Chapter IX, Sui Generis Database RightAutortiesību likums, IX nodaļa (57.-62. pants), Datubāzes aizsardzības īpatnības (sui generis), grozīta ar 2023. gada 23. marta likumu, stājas spēkā 05.04.2023. | since |
| Krimināllikums Sections 241, 243, 244, Automated Data Processing System OffencesKrimināllikums, 241., 243. un 244. pants | in force |
 Lithuania
lt
3 instruments
| |
| Criminal Code Arts. 196-198 and 198-1, Computer Misuse and Unauthorised Access OffensesBK arts. 196, 197, 198, 198-1 | since |
| Criminal Code Art. 198-2, Unlawful Disposal of Devices, Software, Passwords and Access CodesBK art. 198-2 | since |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights (Nr. VIII-1185), Articles 61 to 64, Database Makers' Sui Generis RightsATGTĮ Nr. VIII-1185, arts. 61-64 | since |
 Luxembourg
lu
3 instruments
| |
| Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, Text and Data Mining Exception (Art. 10, points 15 and 16)Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, les droits voisins et les bases de donnees, art. 10, points 15 et 16, ajoutes par la loi du 1er avril 2022 portant transposition de la directive (UE) 2019/790 | since |
| Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, Sui Generis Database Right (Art. 67)Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, les droits voisins et les bases de donnees, art. 67 | since |
| Code penal, Computer Misuse Offences (Unauthorized Access, Interference, Data Introduction, Devices, Attempt, Association)C.pen. arts. 509-1 a 509-7 | since |
 Malta
mt
6 instruments
| |
| Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market Regulations, Text and Data Mining ExceptionsCopyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market Regulations (S.L. 415.08), regs. 4-5 | since |
| Copyright Act Article 25, Sui Generis Right in Respect of DatabasesCopyright Act (Cap. 415), Art. 25 | since |
| Criminal Code Article 337C, Unlawful Access to, or Use of, InformationCriminal Code (Cap. 9), Art. 337C | in force |
| Criminal Code Article 337D, Misuse of HardwareCriminal Code (Cap. 9), Art. 337D | in force |
| Criminal Code Article 337F, Offences and PenaltiesCriminal Code (Cap. 9), Art. 337F | in force |
| Electronic Commerce Act, Electronic Contract FormationElectronic Commerce Act (Cap. 426), Arts. 9-10 | in force |
 Netherlands
nl
7 instruments
| |
| Auteurswet, artt. 15n and 15o, Text and Data Mining ExceptionsAuteurswet, artt. 15n, 15o (BWBR0001886) | since |
| Wet op de naburige rechten, art. 7b, Persuitgeversrecht (Press Publishers' Right)Wet op de naburige rechten, art. 7b (BWBR0005921) | since |
| Wet bescherming bedrijfsgeheimen, Protection of Trade SecretsWet bescherming bedrijfsgeheimen, arts. 1-9 (BWBR0041459) | since |
| Databankenwet, Sui Generis Database RightDatabankenwet (BWBR0010591) | since |
| Wetboek van Strafrecht, art. 138ab, Computervredebreuk (Computer Trespass)Wetboek van Strafrecht, art. 138ab (BWBR0001854) | since |
| Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 6, art. 162, Onrechtmatige daad (Wrongful Act)Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 6, art. 162 (BWBR0005289) | since |
| Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 6, arts. 231-234, 236, 237, Algemene voorwaarden (Standard Terms)Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 6, arts. 231 to 234, 236 and 237 (BWBR0005289) | since |
 Poland
pl
3 instruments
| |
| Ustawa o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych, Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionsUstawa z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych (tekst jednolity Dz.U. 2025 poz. 24), art. 26² i art. 26³, dodane ustawa z dnia 26 lipca 2024 r. (Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1254) | since |
| Ustawa o ochronie baz danych, Sui Generis Database RightUstawa z dnia 27 lipca 2001 r. o ochronie baz danych (tekst jednolity Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1769), art. 2, 6-8, 10-11 | since |
| Kodeks karny, Unauthorized Access to Information and Computer-Misuse OffensesUstawa z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. Kodeks karny (Dz.U. 1997 nr 88 poz. 553, tekst jednolity), art. 267-269c | since |
 Portugal
pt
3 instruments
| |
| CDADC Text and Data Mining ExceptionCDADC art. 75.º(2)(v)-(w), Text and Data Mining Exception, as amended by Decreto-Lei n.º 47/2023, de 19 de junho, art. 3.º | since |
| Lei do Cibercrime Article 6, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemLei n.º 109/2009, de 15 de setembro (Lei do Cibercrime), art. 6.º | since |
| Sui Generis Database Right, Decreto-Lei n.º 122/2000Decreto-Lei n.º 122/2000, de 4 de julho, arts. 4.º, 11.º e 12.º, art. 11.º as amended by Decreto-Lei n.º 47/2023, de 19 de junho, art. 4.º | in force |
 Romania
ro
2 instruments
| |
| Legea nr. 8/1996 privind dreptul de autor și drepturile conexe, art. 36^1-36^2, Text and Data Mining Exceptions, inserted by Legea nr. 69/2022Legea nr. 69/2022, art. I pct. 11, inserting art. 36^1-36^2 into Legea nr. 8/1996 privind dreptul de autor și drepturile conexe (Monitorul Oficial nr. 321 din 1 aprilie 2022) | since |
| Cod penal, Art. 360-366, Infracțiuni contra siguranței și integrității sistemelor și datelor informatice (Offences Against the Security and Integrity of Computer Systems and Data)Codul penal (Legea nr. 286/2009), art. 360-366 | since |
 Slovakia
sk
3 instruments
| |
| Autorský zákon, TDM ExceptionAct 185/2015 Coll., ss. 51b-51c (as amended by Act 71/2022 Coll.), scraping | since |
| Autorský zákon, Special Right to a Database (Sections 135 to 139)Act 185/2015 Coll. (Autorský zákon), ss. 135-139 | since |
| Trestný zákon, Unauthorized Access to a Computer System and Related OffencesAct 300/2005 Coll. (Trestny zakon), ss. 247-247d | since |
 Slovenia
si
1 instrument
| |
| Kazenski zakonik (KZ-1, Criminal Code), Art. 221, Napad na informacijski sistem (Attack on an Information System)KZ-1, Art. 221 | since |
 Spain
es
6 instruments
| |
| RDL 24/2021 Article 67, Text and Data Mining ExceptionReal Decreto-ley 24/2021, de 2 de noviembre, Libro Cuarto, Titulo II, art. 67 (Mineria de textos y datos) (BOE-A-2021-17910) | since |
| Ley de Secretos Empresariales, Articles 1 to 3 and 9 (Trade Secret Definition, Lawful and Unlawful Acts and Civil Actions)Ley 1/2019, de 20 de febrero, de Secretos Empresariales, arts. 1 to 3 and 9 | since |
| Código Penal Article 197 bis, Unauthorized Access to an Information SystemLey Organica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Codigo Penal, art. 197 bis, added by Ley Organica 1/2015, de 30 de marzo, art. unico.107 (BOE-A-1995-25444, BOE-A-2015-3439) | since |
| Ley 7/1998 sobre condiciones generales de la contratación, Articles 5, 7 and 8 (Incorporation and Nullity of Standard Terms)Ley 7/1998, de 13 de abril, sobre condiciones generales de la contratación, arts. 5, 7 and 8 | since |
| TRLPI Articles 133 to 137, Sui Generis Database RightReal Decreto Legislativo 1/1996 (TRLPI), arts. 133-137, added by Ley 5/1998, de 6 de marzo (BOE-A-1996-8930, BOE-A-1998-5568) | since |
| Ley de Competencia Desleal, Articles 4, 11, 14 and 32 (General Clause, Imitation, Inducing Breach and Remedies)Ley 3/1991, de 10 de enero, de Competencia Desleal, arts. 4, 11, 14 and 32 | since |
 Sweden
se
3 instruments
| |
| Brottsbalken 4 kap. 9 c §, Unauthorized Computer Access (Dataintrång)Brottsbalk (1962:700) 4 kap. 9 c § | since |
| Upphovsrättslagen 15 a-15 c §§, Text and Data Mining ExceptionUpphovsrättslag (1960:729) 15 a-15 c §§, as added by Lag (2022:1712) | since |
| Upphovsrättslagen 49 §, Sui Generis Database Right (Katalogskydd)Upphovsrättslag (1960:729) 49 § | since |
| Europe (non EU) | |
 Albania
al
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright Law, Sui Generis Database Producers RightsLaw No. 35/2016 On Copyright and Related Rights, Arts. 119-126 (Sui Generis Protection of Database Producers Rights) | in force |
| Criminal Code, Unauthorized Computer AccessCriminal Code of the Republic of Albania (approved by Law 7895/1995, as amended), Art. 192/b (Unauthorized Computer Access), added by Law 8733/2001 and amended by Law 9686/2007 and Law 10 023/2008 | in force |
 Andorra
ad
2 instruments
| |
| Penal Code, Attacks on Information SystemsCodi penal, Llei 9/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada del Codi penal, as consolidated, art. 225 (Atacs contra els sistemes d'informació) | since |
| Copyright and Neighboring Rights Law, Database and Collection ProtectionLlei sobre drets d'autor i drets veïns (Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights), approved , arts. 3-4, 14 (Derivative Works and Collections; Subject Matter Not Protected; Free Use of Data Bases) | since |
 Belarus
by
2 instruments
| |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Database Right and Software ExceptionsLaw No. 262-Z of , arts. 14 and 39, on Copyright and Related Rights (as amended) | since |
| Criminal Code, Crimes Against Computer SecurityCriminal Code No. 275-Z of , arts. 349, 350, 352, 354 and 355 (as amended to 2023) | since |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
ba
2 instruments
| |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Content Limitations (No Text-and-Data-Mining Exception)Law on Copyright and Related Rights, arts. 8, 40-54 (Content Limitations of Copyright), Official Gazette of BiH No. 63/10, 86/10 | since |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of Database ProducersLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, arts. 141-146 (Rights of Database Producers), Official Gazette of BiH No. 63/10, 86/10 | since |
 Iceland
is
2 instruments
| |
| Almenn hegningarlög nr. 19/1940, Art. 229, Unauthorized Access to Computer-Stored DataAlmenn hegningarlög nr. 19/1940 (General Penal Code), 229. gr., eins og henni var breytt með lögum nr. 8/2021 | since |
| Höfundalög nr. 73/1972, Art. 50, Sui Generis Database Producer RightHöfundalög nr. 73/1972 (Copyright Act), 50. gr., eins og henni var breytt með lögum nr. 60/2000 | since |
 Liechtenstein
li
4 instruments
| |
| Strafgesetzbuch Art. 118a, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemStGB, LGBl. 1988 Nr. 37, § 118a, inserted by LGBl. 2009 Nr. 228 | since |
| Strafgesetzbuch Arts. 126a to 126c, Data Damage, System Interference and Misuse of DevicesStGB, LGBl. 1988 Nr. 37, §§ 126a-126c, inserted by LGBl. 2009 Nr. 228 | since |
| Urheberrechtsgesetz Art. 22, Privileged UsesURG, LGBl. 1999 Nr. 160, Art. 22 | since |
| Urheberrechtsgesetz, Sui Generis Database RightURG, LGBl. 1999 Nr. 160, Arts. 45-49 and 64 | since |
 Moldova
md
4 instruments
| |
| Personal Data Protection Law, Reach Over Scraped Public Personal DataLegea nr. 195/2024 privind protectia datelor cu caracter personal, art. 6, art. 9(2)(e) | since |
| Criminal Code, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemCodul penal al Republicii Moldova (Legea nr. 985-XV din 18 aprilie 2002, cu modificarile ulterioare), art. 259 | since |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law, Reproduction Exceptions and No Text-and-Data-Mining Opt-OutLegea nr. 230 din 28 iulie 2022 privind dreptul de autor si drepturile conexe, art. 55-57 (exceptii si limitari la dreptul de reproducere) | since |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law, Sui Generis Database RightLegea nr. 230 din 28 iulie 2022 privind dreptul de autor si drepturile conexe, art. 48-53 (dreptul sui generis asupra bazelor de date) | since |
 Monaco
mc
1 instrument
| |
| Code Pénal Arts. 389-1 to 389-9, Unauthorized Access, System Interference and Data DamageCode penal, art. 389-1 a 389-9 (Titre II, Chapitre II, Section IV, Des delits relatifs aux systemes d'information), crees par la loi n. 1.435 du 8 novembre 2016 relative a la lutte contre la criminalite technologique | since |
 Montenegro
me
2 instruments
| |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of Makers of DatabasesLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of Makers of Databases, Arts. 139-145b, Official Gazette of Montenegro Nos. 37/2011, 53/2016, 145/2021, 48/2024, 84/2024 and 100/2024 | since |
| Criminal Code of Montenegro, Unauthorised Access to a Computer SystemCriminal Code of Montenegro, Art. 353 (Unauthorised Access to a Computer System), Official Gazette of the Republic of Montenegro Nos. 70/03, 13/04, 47/06 and Official Gazette of Montenegro Nos. 40/08, 25/10, 32/11, 64/11, 40/13, 56/13, 14/15, 42/15, 58/15, 44/17, 49/18 | in force |
 North Macedonia
mk
3 instruments
| |
| Criminal Code, Damage and Unauthorized Entry into a Computer SystemCriminal Code, OG No. 37/1996, art. 251 | in force |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, General Exceptions and QuotationLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, OG No. 115/2010, art. 51-52 | in force |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of the Database MakerLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, OG No. 115/2010, arts. 118-120 | in force |
 Norway
no
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act, Sui Generis Database RightAct relating to Copyright in Intellectual Works, etc. (Copyright Act), LOV-2018-06-15-40, as amended to , s. 24 | since |
| Penal Code, Unauthorised Access to a Computer SystemStraffeloven (Penal Code), LOV-2005-05-20-28, kapittel 21 (Vern av informasjon og informasjonsutveksling), § 204 | since |
 Russia
ru
5 instruments
| |
| Criminal Code Article 274.1, Unlawful Impact on Critical Information InfrastructureCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 274.1 (added 2017) | since |
| Criminal Code Article 272, Unauthorized Access to Computer InformationCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 272 (No. 63-FZ, 1996) | since |
| Criminal Code Article 273, Creation, Use and Distribution of Malicious Computer ProgramsCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 273 (No. 63-FZ, 1996) | since |
| Criminal Code Article 274, Violation of Rules for Operating Computer-Information Storage, Processing or Transmission SystemsCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 274 (No. 63-FZ, 1996) | since |
| Civil Code Part IV, Database Maker's Exclusive RightCivil Code of the Russian Federation, Part IV, Arts. 1334-1336 | since |
 San Marino
sm
1 instrument
| |
| Computer Crimes Law, Unlawful Access to Computer or Telematics SystemsLegge 23 agosto 2016 n. 114 (Computer Crimes), art. 2, inserting art. 182-bis of the Criminal Code | since |
 Serbia
rs
2 instruments
| |
| Criminal Code, Offences Against the Security of Computer DataKrivicni zakonik (Criminal Code), Official Gazette RS No. 85/2005 et seq., Arts. 298-304a | since |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Right of the Database ProducerZakon o autorskom i srodnim pravima, Arts. 137-140v (Right of the Database Producer), Official Gazette RS No. 104/2009, 99/2011, 119/2012, 29/2016 and 66/2019 | in force |
 Switzerland
ch
3 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act, Scientific Research Text and Data Mining ExceptionFederal Act on Copyright and Related Rights (URG/LDA), SR 231.1, Art. 24d | since |
| Swiss Criminal Code, Unauthorised Access to and Interference with Data Processing SystemsSwiss Criminal Code (StGB/CP/CP), SR 311.0, Art. 143, 143bis, 144bis | since |
| Unfair Competition Act, Exploitation of Another Person's Market-Ready Work ProductFederal Act against Unfair Competition (UWG/LCD), SR 241, Art. 2, 5 lit. c, 23 | since |
 Ukraine
ua
3 instruments
| |
| Copyright Law, Sui Generis Database RightLaw of Ukraine No. 2811-IX, art. 21 (database sui generis right) | since |
| Criminal Code, Unauthorized Interference with Information SystemsCriminal Code of Ukraine, Law No. 2341-III, art. 361 (unauthorized interference) | since |
| Criminal Code, Creation and Distribution of Malicious SoftwareCriminal Code of Ukraine, Law No. 2341-III, art. 361-1 (malicious software) | since |
 United Kingdom
gb
6 instruments
| |
| Data (Use and Access) Act 2025, copyright and AI economic impact assessment and reportData (Use and Access) Act 2025, c. 18, ss. 135 to 137 | since |
| Text and Data Mining for Non-Commercial ResearchCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, c. 48, s. 29A | since |
| Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, circumvention of technological measuresCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, c. 48, ss. 296ZA to 296ZF | since |
| Database RightCopyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997, SI 1997/3032, regs. 12, 13, 16 and 17 | since |
| Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, secondary infringement and the meaning of infringing copyCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, c. 48, ss. 22, 23 and 27 | since |
| Unauthorised Access to Computer MaterialComputer Misuse Act 1990, c. 18, ss. 1 and 17(5), (8) | in force |
| Automated Online Software (Access and Transparency) BillAutomated Online Software (Access and Transparency) Bill, session 2026-27 (UK Parliament bill 4170) | proposed |
 Vatican City
va
2 instruments
| |
| Unauthorised access to a protected computer or telematic system (Legge N. DXXXI, arts. 158 ter-158 quater)Legge N. DXXXI, recante modifiche al Codice Penale e al Codice di Procedura Penale, 6 settembre 2022, artt. 158 ter, 158 quater | since |
| Copyright and related rights by reference to Italian law (Legge N. CXCVII)Legge N. CXCVII, Legge sulla protezione del diritto di autore sulle opere dell'ingegno e dei diritti connessi, 1 settembre 2017 | since |
| Americas | |
 Antigua and Barbuda
ag
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act, 2003, fair dealing and database compilationCopyright Act, 2003 (No. 22 of 2003), ss. 15, 52-54 | in force |
| Electronic Crimes Act, 2013, access and interferenceElectronic Crimes Act, 2013 (No. 14 of 2013), s. 3 | in force |
 Argentina
ar
3 instruments
| |
| Código Penal, art. 153 bis, unauthorized access to a restricted computer system or dataCódigo Penal (Ley 11.179, texto ordenado), art. 153 bis, incorporated by Ley N° 26.388 (B.O. 25/6/2008) | in force |
| Ley 11.723, art. 10, quotation exceptionLey 11.723, Régimen Legal de la Propiedad Intelectual, art. 10 | in force |
| Ley 25.326, personal data reached by scrapingLey 25.326, Ley de Protección de los Datos Personales, arts. 2 and 5 | in force |
 Bahamas
bs
2 instruments
| |
| Computer Misuse Act 2003, unauthorised access, modification and interception offencesComputer Misuse Act, Ch. 107A, Laws of The Bahamas, ss. 3-9 (unauthorised access, modification and interception offences) | since |
| Copyright Act 1998, compilation and database protectionCopyright Act, Ch. 323, Laws of The Bahamas, s. 2 (definition of compilation), s. 5 (category of works of authorship) | since |
 Barbados
bb
3 instruments
| |
| Data Protection Act, 2019, reach over scraped personal dataData Protection Act, 2019 (Act 2019-29) | since |
| Computer Misuse Act, illegal accessComputer Misuse Act, Cap. 124B, s. 4 (Illegal Access) | since |
| Copyright Act, fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Act, Cap. 300 (Act 1998-4, as amended by Act 2006-1), ss. 51-53 (Fair Dealing) | since |
 Belize
bz
3 instruments
| |
| Cybercrime Act, illegal access to a computer systemCybercrime Act, Cap. 106:01 (Act No. 32 of 2020), s. 3 | since |
| Copyright Act, fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Act, Cap. 252 (Act No. 12 of 2000, Revised Edition 2020), ss. 56-58 | since |
| Data Protection Act 2021, personal data scraped from public sourcesData Protection Act, 2021 (Act No. 45 of 2021), ss. 2-10 | from a date not yet set |
 Bolivia
bo
2 instruments
| |
| Código Penal, Alteración, Acceso y Uso Indebido de Datos InformáticosCódigo Penal, art. 363 ter (Alteración, Acceso y Uso Indebido de Datos Informáticos), incorporado por Ley No. 1768 de 10 de marzo de 1997 | since |
| Código Penal, Manipulación InformáticaCódigo Penal, art. 363 bis (Manipulación Informática), incorporado por Ley No. 1768 de 10 de marzo de 1997 | since |
 Brazil
br
3 instruments
| |
| Penal Code Art. 154-A, Invasion of a Computing DeviceCódigo Penal (Decreto-Lei nº 2.848/1940), art. 154-A (redação dada pela Lei nº 14.155, de 2021, inserido pela Lei nº 12.737, de 2012) | since |
| Marco Civil da Internet, Protection of Records and Personal DataLei nº 12.965/2014 (Marco Civil da Internet), arts. 7º, 10, e 12 | since |
| Copyright Law, Database Compilation RightLei nº 9.610/1998, arts. 7º, XIII, e 87 | since |
 Canada
ca
4 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act, Circumvention of Technological Protection Measures (sections 41 to 41.21 and 42(3.1))R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42, ss. 41 to 41.21 | since |
| Copyright Act, fair dealingR.S.C., 1985, c. C-42, s. 29 | since |
| Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), scraped personal dataS.C. 2000, c. 5, Part 1 | since |
| Criminal Code, unauthorized use of a computerR.S.C., 1985, c. C-46, s. 342.1 | in force |
 Chile
cl
1 instrument
| |
| Ley 21.459, art. 2, acceso ilícito a un sistema informáticoLey 21.459, art. 2 (acceso ilícito) | since |
 Colombia
co
3 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act, Exclusive Reproduction Right, No Text and Data Mining ExceptionLey 23 de 1982, art. 12 (as amended by Ley 1915 de 2018) | since |
| Código Penal, Acceso Abusivo a un Sistema InformáticoLey 599 de 2000, art. 269A (added by Ley 1273 de 2009) | since |
| Código Penal, Violación de Datos PersonalesLey 599 de 2000, art. 269F (added by Ley 1273 de 2009) | since |
 Costa Rica
cr
2 instruments
| |
| Código Penal, artículo 231, Espionaje informáticoCodigo Penal (Ley No. 4573), art. 231, segun reforma por Ley No. 9048 | since |
| Ley sobre Derechos de Autor y Derechos Conexos, artículo 8, protección de bases de datosLey No. 6683, art. 8, reformado por Ley No. 7397 de 3 de mayo de 1994 | since |
 Cuba
cu
1 instrument
| |
| Código Penal (Ley 151/2022), offenses against telecommunications and ICT securityLey 151/2022, Código Penal, Título IX, Capítulo I (arts. 289-294) | since |
 Dominican Republic
do
3 instruments
| |
| High-Technology Crimes Law, Service Provider Data Retention and Preservation OrdersLey No. 53-07, Gaceta Oficial No. 10416, 9 de mayo de 2007, arts. 53-56 (Conservación de los Datos; Proveedores de Servicios) | since |
| Ley No. 53-07 sobre Crímenes y Delitos de Alta Tecnología, Acceso IlícitoLey No. 53-07, Gaceta Oficial No. 10416, 23 de abril de 2007, arts. 5-6 (Acceso Ilícito) | since |
| Ley No. 65-00 sobre Derecho de Autor, Limitaciones y ExcepcionesLey No. 65-00 sobre Derecho de Autor, arts. 30-32 (Limitaciones y Excepciones al Derecho de Autor) | since |
 Ecuador
ec
6 instruments
| |
| Código Ingenios, protección de bases de datosArt. 140, Código Ingenios (Código Orgánico de la Economía Social de los Conocimientos, Creatividad e Innovación), materia protegible por las bases de datos | since |
| Código Ingenios, uso justo y minería de textosArts. 211-212, Código Ingenios (Código Orgánico de la Economía Social de los Conocimientos, Creatividad e Innovación), uso justo y actos que no requieren autorización | since |
| COIP, acceso no consentido a un sistema informáticoCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 234 (acceso no consentido a un sistema informático) | since |
| COIP, ataque a la integridad de sistemas informáticosCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 232 (ataque a la integridad de sistemas informáticos) | since |
| COIP, interceptación ilegal de datosCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 230 (interceptación ilegal de datos) | since |
| COIP, revelación ilegal de base de datosCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 229 (revelación ilegal de base de datos) | since |
 El Salvador
sv
4 instruments
| |
| Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, ausencia de excepción de minería de textos y datosDecreto Legislativo No. 66 (2024), arts. 45 y 46 | since |
| Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, elusión de medidas tecnológicas efectivasDecreto Legislativo No. 66 (2024), art. 308 | since |
| Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, protección de bases de datos y compilacionesDecreto Legislativo No. 66 (2024), art. 17 | since |
| Ley Especial contra los Delitos Informáticos y Conexos, acceso indebido a sistemas informáticosDecreto Legislativo No. 260, art. 4 | in force |
| Ley de Propiedad Intelectual de 1993 (repealed)Decreto Legislativo No. 604, 1993, as amended | |
 Grenada
gd
3 instruments
| |
| Electronic Crimes Act, 2013, unauthorised access and interferenceElectronic Crimes Act, 2013 (Act No. 23 of 2013, amended by Act No. 10 of 2014), s. 5 (Unauthorised access and interference) | since |
| Copyright Act, 2011, quotation, temporary reproduction and compilation copyrightCopyright Act, 2011 (Act No. 21 of 2011), ss. 6, 9, 10, 13 (databases, private use, quotation, temporary reproduction) | since |
| Data Protection Act, No. 1 of 2023, application to processing of personal dataData Protection Act, No. 1 of 2023, ss. 4, 7 (Application of Act; General Principle) | from a date not yet set |
 Guatemala
gt
2 instruments
| |
| Ley de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, Decreto 33-98 (compilations, databases, and technological measures)Decreto Número 33-98, arts. 16 y 35, bases de datos y compilaciones | since |
| Código Penal, Decreto 17-73, Arts. 274 'A' a 274 'G' (Delitos Informáticos)Decreto Legislativo No. 17-73 (Código Penal), arts. 274 A a 274 G, Delitos Informáticos | in force |
 Guyana
gy
1 instrument
| |
| Cybercrime Act 2018, unauthorised access to a computer systemGuyana, Cybercrime Act, 2018, Act No. 16 of 2018 | since |
 Haiti
ht
1 instrument
| |
| Décret du 12 octobre 2005 sur le Droit d'Auteur, protection des recueils et bases de donnéesDécret du 12 octobre 2005, Droit d'Auteur, recueils | since |
 Honduras
hn
2 instruments
| |
| Código Penal, seguridad de las redes y de los sistemas informáticosDecreto No. 130-2017, Código Penal, arts. 398-405 (Seguridad de las Redes y de los Sistemas Informáticos) | since |
| Ley del Derecho de Autor, sin excepción de minería de textos y datos, protección de compilacionesDecreto No. 4-99-E, Ley del Derecho de Autor y de los Derechos Conexos, arts. 9(5), 44-50 (Definiciones; Limitaciones y Excepciones), arts. 46(1) and 47 as reformed by Decreto No. 16-2006, art. 54 | in force |
 Jamaica
jm
3 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act, 1993 (as amended by Act 13 of 2015), fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Act, 1993 (Act 5 of 1993, as amended by Act 13 of 2015), ss. 52-54 | since |
| Copyright Act, 1993 (as amended by Act 29 of 1999), compilationsCopyright Act, 1993 (Act 5 of 1993, as amended by Act 29 of 1999), s. 6(3A) | in force |
| Cybercrimes Act, 2015, unauthorised access to computer program or dataCybercrimes Act, 2015 (Act 31 of 2015), s. 3 | in force |
 Mexico
mx
3 instruments
| |
| Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor, Technological Protection Measures and Circumvention (Arts. 114 Bis, 232 Bis)Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA), arts. 114 Bis y 232 Bis, adicionados por decreto publicado en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 1 de julio de 2020 | since |
| Código Penal Federal, Unauthorised Access to Computer Systems and Equipment (Arts. 211 bis 1 to 211 bis 7)Código Penal Federal, Arts. 211 bis 1 al 211 bis 7 | in force |
| Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor, Database Compilation and Non-Original Database Protection (Arts. 107 to 110)Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA), arts. 107 a 110 | in force |
 Nicaragua
ni
3 instruments
| |
| Ley No. 1042, interference with and damage to computer systems, as reformed by Ley No. 1219Ley No. 1042, as reformed by Ley No. 1219 (2024), arts. 8-10 | since |
| Ley No. 1042, unauthorized access to computer systemsLey No. 1042, 27-Oct-2020, arts. 4-5 | since |
| Ley No. 312, protection of compilations and databasesLey No. 312 (1999, as amended), arts. 14, 31.3 | since |
 Panama
pa
1 instrument
| |
| Código Penal, Delitos contra la Seguridad InformáticaCódigo Penal de la República de Panamá (texto único 2010), Libro Segundo, Título VIII, Capítulo I, arts. 289-292 | in force |
 Paraguay
py
3 instruments
| |
| Código Penal, arts. 146 b y 174 b, introducidos por la Ley N° 4439/2011, acceso indebido a datos y a sistemas informáticosLey N° 1160/97 (Código Penal), arts. 146 b y 174 b, introducidos por la Ley N° 4439/2011 | since |
| Ley N° 1328/1998, art. 4, numeral 14, bases de datos como compilaciónLey N° 1328/1998, de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, art. 4, numeral 14 | since |
| Ley N° 1328/1998, arts. 8, 40 y 41, límites y excepciones al derecho de autorLey N° 1328/1998, de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, arts. 8, 40 y 41 | since |
 Peru
pe
4 instruments
| |
| Ley 30096, unauthorized access and data/system integrity offensesLey 30096, Ley de Delitos Informáticos (2013), arts. 2-4, 7, 10-12, as amended by Ley 30171 (2014) and Decreto Legislativo 1614 (2023) | since |
| Decreto Legislativo 822, protection of compilations and databasesDecreto Legislativo 822, arts. 5(l) and 48 (protection of compilations and databases), Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, as consolidated to Decreto Legislativo 1724 (2026) | since |
| Decreto Legislativo 822, quotation exceptionDecreto Legislativo 822, art. 44 (quotation exception), Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, as consolidated to Decreto Legislativo 1724 (2026) | since |
| Decreto Legislativo 1700, illicit trafficking of computer data (art. 12-A of Ley 30096)Decreto Legislativo 1700 (), incorporating art. 12-A into Ley 30096, as amended by Decreto Legislativo 1741 () | in force |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
kn
3 instruments
| |
| Electronic Transactions Act, formation and validity of contractsElectronic Transactions Act (Cap. 18.44; Act 9 of 2011), s. 16 (Formation and validity of contracts) | since |
| Electronic Crimes Act, illegal access and related computer-misuse offencesElectronic Crimes Act (Cap. 4.41; Act 27 of 2009, as amended by Act 26 of 2012), ss. 4, 5, 6, 11 | since |
| Copyright Act, 2024, protection of compilations of dataCopyright Act, 2024 (No. 14 of 2024), s. 4(3) (compilations of data) | in force |
 Saint Lucia
lc
1 instrument
| |
| Computer Misuse Act, unauthorized access, interception and modificationAct 12 of 2011, Laws of Saint Lucia, ss. 5, 7 and 8 (unauthorized access, interception and modification) | since |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
vc
1 instrument
| |
| Copyright Act, 2003, fair dealing and compilation copyrightCopyright Act, 2003 (Act No. 21 of 2003), ss. 2, 5, 50-52 (literary work, protected works, research/private study, criticism/review/reporting, determining fair dealing) | since |
 Suriname
sr
1 instrument
| |
| Wetboek van Strafrecht, Hacking and Denial of Access (arts. 187b-187c)Wetboek van Strafrecht (G.B. 1911 no. 1, as revised S.B. 2015 no. 44), arts. 187b-187c (hacking and denial of access) | in force |
 Trinidad and Tobago
tt
2 instruments
| |
| Computer Misuse Act 2000, Unauthorised AccessAct 86 of 2000 (Computer Misuse Act), Chap. 11:17, s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Program or Data) | since |
| Copyright Act 1997, Protection of Collections and DatabasesCopyright Act, 1997 (Chap. 82:80), s. 6(1)(b) (Collections and Databases) | since |
 United States
us
4 instruments
| |
| Digital Millennium Copyright Act, anti-circumvention provisions17 U.S.C. § 1201 | since |
| Digital Millennium Copyright Act, integrity of copyright management information17 U.S.C. § 1202 | since |
| Stored Communications Act (unlawful access to stored communications)18 U.S.C. § 2701 | since |
| Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (unauthorized access and the gates-based authorization test)18 U.S.C. § 1030 | since |
| H.R. 9915, Stealth Bot Prohibition ActH.R. 9915, 119th Congress | proposed |
 Uruguay
uy
3 instruments
| |
| Código Penal arts. 297 bis, 297 ter, 297 quater, 358 quater, and 358 quinquies, computer-offence provisions inserted by Ley N° 20.327Ley N° 20.327, de 23 de agosto de 2024 (Diario Oficial de 25 de septiembre de 2024), arts. 6 y 8, Código Penal arts. 297 bis, 297 ter, 297 quater, 358 quinquies | in force |
| Ley N° 9.739 art. 5, compilation and database copyright protectionLey N° 9.739, de 17 de diciembre de 1937, art. 5 | in force |
| Ley N° 9.739 arts. 44-45, illicit-reproduction rule and free-use exceptions for quotation and newsLey N° 9.739, de 17 de diciembre de 1937, arts. 44 y 45 | in force |
 Venezuela
ve
2 instruments
| |
| Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, compilations and databases (Art. 3)Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, 14/08/1993, art. 3 | since |
| Ley Especial contra los Delitos Informáticos, unauthorized access and sabotage of systems (Arts. 6-11)LECDI, Gaceta Oficial N° 37.313, 30/10/2001, arts. 6-11 | in force |
| Asia | |
 Afghanistan
af
1 instrument
| |
| Penal Code, Part Twelve, Chapter One (Cyber Crimes and Punishment)Penal Code of Afghanistan (2017), Part Twelve, Chapter One (Cyber Crimes and Punishment), arts. 851-859 | since |
 Armenia
am
2 instruments
| |
| Criminal Code, unauthorised computer access and illegal appropriation of dataCriminal Code of the Republic of Armenia, Law No. HO-199-N (2021), Arts. 359, 362 | since |
| Copyright Law, sui generis database rightLaw of the Republic of Armenia on Copyright and Related Rights, Law No. AL-142 (2006, as amended), Arts. 58-60 | since |
 Azerbaijan
az
4 instruments
| |
| Law on Personal Data, open-category personal data and scraped public informationLaw of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Personal Data, Law No. 998-IIIQ (, as amended through 2023), Arts. 5.3, 9.6 | since |
| Law on Legal Protection of Compilations of Data, sui generis database rightLaw of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Legal Protection of Compilations of Data, No. 755-IIQ (, as amended through Law No. 815-VIQD of ), Arts. 6, 9, 10, 13 | since |
| Criminal Code, unauthorised access, illegal interception, and system interferenceCriminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (approved by Law No. 787-IQ of ), Arts. 271-273 | since |
| Copyright and Related Rights Law, database exclusion and enforcement remediesLaw of the Republic of Azerbaijan On Copyright and Related Rights, Law No. 115-IQ (, as amended through Law No. 817-VIQD of ), Arts. 17, 19, 24, 44-47 | since |
 Bahrain
bh
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright Law, Database Compilation ProtectionLaw No. 22 of 2006, Arts. 3-4 (Database Compilation) | in force |
| Copyright Law, Quotation ExceptionLaw No. 22 of 2006, Art. 21 (Quotation Exception) | in force |
 Bangladesh
bd
2 instruments
| |
| Cyber Security Act, 2026, unauthorised access to a computer systemCyber Security Act, 2026, Act No. 81 of 2026, s.18 (illegal entry into computer, digital device, computer system or network) | since |
| Copyright Act, 2023, database protectionCopyright Act, 2023, Act No. 34 of 2023, s.2(11), s.2(16) (database as a protected work) | since |
 Bhutan
bt
1 instrument
| |
| Information, Communications and Media Act of Bhutan 2018, unauthorized access and tampering with computer systemsInformation, Communications and Media Act of Bhutan 2018, ss.415-416 | since |
 Brunei Darussalam
bn
1 instrument
| |
| Computer Misuse Act, unauthorised access to computer materialComputer Misuse Act (Cap. 194, Revised Edition 2007), s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Material) | since |
 Cambodia
kh
3 instruments
| |
| Copyright Law, database protectionLaw on Copyright and Related Rights (2003), Arts. 7-8, 21(c), 24(c) | in force |
| Copyright Law, reproduction right and limited exceptionsLaw on Copyright and Related Rights (2003), Arts. 21, 24, 28 | in force |
| Criminal Code, offences in the information technology sectorCriminal Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia (2009), Arts. 427-432 | in force |
 China
cn
4 instruments
| |
| Anti-Unfair Competition Law, 2025 revision, Article 13 (data scraping and technical circumvention clause)Anti-Unfair Competition Law of the People's Republic of China (as amended 2025), Art. 13 | since |
| Personal Information Protection Law, Arts. 13(6) and 27 (processing already-public personal information)Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, Arts. 13(6), 27 | since |
| Copyright Law, Article 24 (closed list of exceptions, no text-and-data-mining item)Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2020 revision), Art. 24 | since |
| Criminal Law, Arts. 285-286 (unauthorized computer intrusion and system destruction)Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, Arts. 285, 286 | since |
 Georgia
ge
3 instruments
| |
| Criminal Code, unauthorised access and interference with computer data and systemsCriminal Code of Georgia, Chapter XXXV (Cybercrime), Arts. 284-286 | since |
| Copyright and Related Rights, database producer rightLaw of Georgia on Copyright and Related Rights, Art. 54 (A Database Producer) | since |
| Copyright and Related Rights, no text-and-data-mining exceptionLaw of Georgia on Copyright and Related Rights, adopted , as amended | since |
 India
in
2 instruments
| |
| Information Technology Act, Unauthorized Access and Computer-Related OffencesInformation Technology Act, 2000 (No. 21 of 2000), as amended by the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 (No. 10 of 2009), ss. 43, 66 | since |
| Copyright Act, No Text-and-Data-Mining Exception, Database Compilations, and Technological Protection MeasuresCopyright Act, 1957 (No. 14 of 1957), ss. 2(o), 51, 52, 63, 65A | since |
 Indonesia
id
4 instruments
| |
| Criminal Code (KUHP), Article 332, unauthorised access to a computer or electronic system, as reworded by Law No. 1 of 2026Law No. 1 of 2023, Article 332, Criminal Code (KUHP) | since |
| Personal Data Protection Law, scraped personal dataLaw No. 27 of 2022, Article 20, Personal Data Protection Law | since |
| Copyright Law, database protectionLaw No. 28 of 2014, Articles 40 and 46, Copyright Law | since |
| Copyright Law, reproduction right and research exceptionLaw No. 28 of 2014, Articles 9 and 44, Copyright Law | since |
| Electronic Information and Transactions Law, unauthorised accessLaw No. 11 of 2008, Article 30 jo. Article 46, Electronic Information and Transactions Law | |
 Iran
ir
2 instruments
| |
| Electronic Commerce Law, Copyright in Digital Works ChapterElectronic Commerce Law (2003), Arts. 62-63 (copyright in digital works) and Art. 74 (penalty) | in force |
| Electronic Commerce Law, Trade Secrets ChapterElectronic Commerce Law (2003), Arts. 64-65 (trade secrets) and Art. 75 (penalty) | in force |
 Iraq
iq
1 instrument
| |
| Law No. 3 of 1971 on Copyright, as amended by CPA Order No. 83, compilation protection and reproduction right (Arts. 2, 3, 8, 45)Law No. 3 of 1971 on Copyright (Iraq), as amended by Coalition Provisional Authority Order No. 83 of , Arts. 2, 3, 8, 45 | since |
 Israel
il
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act, Fair UseCopyright Act, 5768-2007, s. 19 (Fair Use) | since |
| Computers Law, unlawful penetration of computer materialComputers Law, 5755-1995 (as amended 2012), s. 4 (unlawful penetration of computer material), s. 5 (penetration to commit another offence) | since |
 Japan
jp
4 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act, information-analysis exception (text and data mining)Copyright Act, Act No. 48 of 1970, Art. 30-4 (inserted by Act No. 30 of 2018) | since |
| Penal Code, creation, provision and use of unauthorized command electronic records (computer viruses)Penal Code, Act No. 45 of 1907, Art. 168-2 | since |
| Copyright Act, Circumvention of Technological Protection and Restriction Measures (Articles 2(1)(xx)-(xxi), 30(1)(ii), 113(6)-(7) and 120-2), with the Unfair Competition Prevention Act circumvention-tool provisionsCopyright Act, Act No. 48 of 1970, Arts. 113(6)-(7) and 120-2; Unfair Competition Prevention Act, Act No. 47 of 1993, Arts. 2(1)(xvii)-(xviii) and 21(3)(iv) | since |
| Act on Prohibition of Unauthorized Computer Access, prohibition of unauthorized accessAct on Prohibition of Unauthorized Computer Access, Act No. 128 of 1999, as amended by Act No. 12 of 2012, Arts. 2(4), 3, 11 | in force |
 Jordan
jo
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright Protection Law, No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionLaw No. 22 of 1992 on Copyright Protection, as amended up to Law No. 23 of 2014, Art. 17 | since |
| Cybercrime Law, Unauthorized Access to Information SystemsLaw No. 17 of 2023 on Cybercrime, Arts. 3-4, 6-7 | in force |
 Kazakhstan
kz
4 instruments
| |
| Penal Code, disruption of an informatization objectPenal Code No. 226-V (), Art. 207 | since |
| Penal Code, unauthorized access to informationPenal Code No. 226-V (), Art. 205 | since |
| Penal Code, unlawful distribution of restricted electronic information resourcesPenal Code No. 226-V (), Art. 211 | since |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, protection of compilations and databasesLaw No. 6-I (), Art. 7 | in force |
 Kuwait
kw
1 instrument
| |
| Electronic Transactions Law, Unauthorised Access to an Electronic Data Processing SystemElectronic Transactions Law (Law No. 20 of 2014), art. 37, unauthorised access to electronic data processing system | in force |
 Kyrgyzstan
kg
1 instrument
| |
| Criminal Code, unauthorized access to computer informationCriminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, No. 127 (), Chapter 40, Art. 319 | since |
 Laos
la
2 instruments
| |
| Law on Intellectual Property, Copyright Exceptions and Data CompilationsLaw on Intellectual Property No. 50/NA (), arts. 103, 113 | since |
| Penal Code, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemPenal Code No. 26/NA (), arts. 164-165 | in force |
 Lebanon
lb
1 instrument
| |
| Law No. 81/2018 on Electronic Transactions and Personal Data, Illegal Access to an Information System and Related IT-System OffencesLaw No. 81, Official Gazette of Lebanon, Part VI Chapter I (Crimes Related to IT Systems and Data, Arts. 110-115), promulgated | in force |
 Malaysia
my
2 instruments
| |
| Computer Crimes Act 1997, unauthorised access to computer materialComputer Crimes Act 1997 (Act 563), s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Material) | since |
| Copyright Act 1987, fair dealing exception and absence of a text-and-data-mining exception or database rightCopyright Act 1987 (Act 332), s. 13(2)(a) and s. 13(2A) (Fair Dealing) | since |
 Maldives
mv
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright and Related Rights Act, protection of databases as compilationsCopyright and Related Rights Act (Law No. 23/2010), ss. 3-6 | since |
| Copyright and Related Rights Act, quotation and informational-purpose exceptionsCopyright and Related Rights Act (Law No. 23/2010), ss. 10, 12(b)(3), 14, 17 | since |
 Mongolia
mn
2 instruments
| |
| Law on Copyright, database protection and reproduction restrictionLaw of Mongolia on Copyright, Arts. 4.1.6, 6.1.12, 23-24 (databases; revised edition promulgated ) | in force |
| Law on Copyright, quotation and news free-use exceptionsLaw of Mongolia on Copyright, Arts. 38-39, 42-45 (limitations and news use; revised edition promulgated ) | in force |
 Myanmar
mm
3 instruments
| |
| Electronic Transactions Law, unauthorized interference and interception offencesElectronic Transactions Law (State Peace and Development Council Law No. 5/2004, as amended by Law No. 6/2014), s. 34 | since |
| Copyright Law, compilation protection with no sui generis database rightCopyright Law (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 15/2019), s. 15, s. 24 | from a date not yet set |
| Copyright Law, reproduction exceptions and computer programme adaptationCopyright Law (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 15/2019), ss. 18, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30 | from a date not yet set |
 Nepal
np
3 instruments
| |
| Electronic Transactions Act, 2063, unauthorised access to computer materialsElectronic Transactions Act, 2063 (2008), s. 45 | since |
| Copyright Act, 2059, citation and current-information reproduction exceptionsCopyright Act, 2059 (2002), ss. 17, 20 | since |
| Copyright Act, 2059, database compilation protection and digital reproduction limitCopyright Act, 2059 (2002), ss. 3(2), 16(2) | since |
 North Korea
kp
4 instruments
| |
| Intellectual Property Law, Technical Protective Measures and LiabilityIntellectual Property Law, Arts. 12, 18 and 50 to 52, 2025 | since |
| Copyright Law, Computer Program Protection and Use-Without-Permission ExceptionsCopyright Law, Computer Program Protection and Use-Without-Permission Exceptions, Arts. 9(8) and 32, 2001 (amended 2006) | in force |
| Criminal Code, Computer and Information OffensesCriminal Code, Computer and Information Offenses, Arts. 218-219 (as amended by Decree No. 1522 of ) | in force |
| Law on the Protection of Computer Software, Prohibited Acts and SupervisionLaw on the Protection of Computer Software, Arts. 34 and 39, 2003 | in force |
 Oman
om
4 instruments
| |
| Cybercrime Combat Law, unauthorized access to a website or information systemRoyal Decree No. 61/2026, Art. 5 | since |
| Personal Data Protection Law, reach over scraped public personal dataRoyal Decree No. 6/2022, Arts. 2-3 and 10 bis, as amended by Royal Decree No. 68/2026 (formerly Art. 3(j)) | since |
| Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, database compilations and absence of a sui generis rightRoyal Decree No. 65/2008, Arts. 2(b), 3(c), 4 | since |
| Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, exceptions and absence of a text-and-data-mining exceptionRoyal Decree No. 65/2008, Arts. 4, 20 | since |
 Pakistan
pk
3 instruments
| |
| Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, unauthorized access and interference offencesPrevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, ss. 3, 5 and 6 (Act No. XL of 2016) | since |
| Copyright Ordinance 1962, closed enumerated fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Ordinance 1962, s. 57 (fair dealing) | since |
| Copyright Ordinance 1962, scope of copyright in a compilationCopyright Ordinance 1962, s. 3(3) (compilation copyright) | in force |
 Philippines
ph
4 instruments
| |
| Intellectual Property Code, Compilation of Data and the News-of-the-Day ExclusionRepublic Act No. 8293 (1997), Sections 172-173, 175 | since |
| Intellectual Property Code, Fair Use of a Copyrighted WorkRepublic Act No. 8293 (1997), Section 185 | since |
| Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, Illegal Access, Interception, and Data InterferenceRepublic Act No. 10175 (2012), Sections 4(a)(1)-(3), 8 | in force |
| Data Privacy Act of 2012, Application to Scraped Public Personal DataRepublic Act No. 10173 (2012), Section 12 | in force |
 Qatar
qa
3 instruments
| |
| Copyright Protection Law, database and excluded subject matterLaw No. 7 of 2002, arts. 3(3), 4 | since |
| Copyright Protection Law, exceptions to copyrightLaw No. 7 of 2002, arts. 18, 20-21 | since |
| Cybercrime Prevention Law, unauthorised accessLaw No. 14 of 2014 (Cybercrime Prevention Law), arts. 2-4 | in force |
 Saudi Arabia
sa
5 instruments
| |
| Copyright Law (2026), circumventing technical protection measuresRoyal Decree No. M/169 (14/8/1447H), Art. 47(5), Copyright Law (published ) | since |
| Copyright Law (2026), copying to develop artificial intelligence products and algorithmsRoyal Decree No. M/169 (14/8/1447H), Art. 26(4) and Implementing Regulation Art. 30, Copyright Law (published ) | since |
| Copyright Law (2026), database compilationsRoyal Decree No. M/169 (14/8/1447H), Art. 3(12), Copyright Law (published ) | since |
| Copyright Law (2026), licence terms for software, applications and databasesRoyal Decree No. M/169 (14/8/1447H), Art. 12 and Implementing Regulation Art. 29, Copyright Law (published ) | since |
| Personal Data Protection Law, publicly available source groundRoyal Decree No. M/19, Arts. 10, 15 publicly available source ground (9/2/1443H, ) | since |
| Copyright Law, database compilations and absence of a sui generis rightRoyal Decree No. M/41, Art. 3(5) database compilations, no sui generis right (2 Rajab 1424H, ) | |
| Copyright Law, exceptions article and absence of a text-and-data-mining exceptionRoyal Decree No. M/41, Art. 15 exceptions, no text-and-data-mining exception (2 Rajab 1424H, ) | |
 Singapore
sg
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act, Computational Data Analysis Exception and Non-Override RuleCopyright Act 2021, ss. 243-244 and s. 187 (Computational Data Analysis Exception) | since |
| Computer Misuse Act, Unauthorised Access to Computer MaterialComputer Misuse Act 1993 (Cap. 50A), s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Material) | since |
 South Korea
kr
5 instruments
| |
| Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act, Art. 2(1) items ka and pa (data misappropriation and general catch-all)Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act (Act No. 21065, as amended), Art. 2(1)(ka), (pa) | since |
| Information and Communications Network Act, Article 48 (network intrusion and anti-circumvention)Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection, Etc. (Act No. 21305, as amended), Art. 48 | since |
| Personal Information Protection Act, Art. 15(1)(6), legitimate interestsPersonal Information Protection Act (Act No. 10465, as amended by Act No. 19234), Art. 15(1)(6) | since |
| Copyright Act, Prohibition of Neutralizing Technological Protection Measures (Articles 2(28), 104-2, 104-8 and 136(3))Copyright Act of the Republic of Korea, Arts. 2(28) and 104-2 | since |
| Copyright Act, Arts. 91-98 (database producer's right)Copyright Act of the Republic of Korea (Act No. 432, as amended), Arts. 91-98 | since |
 Sri Lanka
lk
2 instruments
| |
| Computer Crime Act, unauthorised access, modification and dealing with unlawfully obtained dataComputer Crime Act, No. 24 of 2007, ss. 3-7 | since |
| Intellectual Property Act, fair use and compilations of dataIntellectual Property Act, No. 36 of 2003, ss. 7, 8(c), 11 | since |
 State of Palestine
ps
1 instrument
| |
| Law by Decree No. 10 of 2018 on Cybercrime, Unauthorised Access and Computer InterferenceLaw by Decree No. 10 of 2018 on Cybercrime, arts. 4-9 | since |
| Law by Decree No. 16 of 2017 on Cybercrime (Repealed)Law by Decree No. 16 of 2017 on Cybercrime | |
 Syria
sy
1 instrument
| |
| Copyright Law, No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionLaw No. 62 of 2013 on Copyright and Related Rights, Art. 40 (Database and Software Exceptions) | in force |
 Tajikistan
tj
2 instruments
| |
| Criminal Code, illegal access, modification, sabotage and unlawful possession of computer informationCriminal Code (1998, as amended to 2020), Arts. 298-301 | in force |
| Criminal Code, infringement of copyright and related rightsCriminal Code (1998, as amended to 2020), Art. 156 | in force |
 Thailand
th
2 instruments
| |
| Act on Computer Crime, unauthorized access and interceptionAct on Computer Crime B.E. 2550 (2007), Sections 5 to 8 | since |
| Copyright Act, fair-use exception and absence of a text-and-data-mining exceptionCopyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994), Section 32 | since |
 Timor-Leste
tl
1 instrument
| |
| Copyright and Related Rights Code, Reproduction Right and CounterfeitingLaw No. 14/2022 (Copyright and Related Rights Code), arts. 10(1)(l), 147 (Reproduction Right, Compilations, and Counterfeiting) | in force |
 Turkey
tr
4 instruments
| |
| Turkish Code of Obligations, Standard Contract TermsLaw No. 6098 (Türk Borçlar Kanunu), Arts. 20-25 (Genel İşlem Koşulları) | since |
| Turkish Commercial Code, Unfair CompetitionLaw No. 6102 (Türk Ticaret Kanunu), Arts. 54-63 (Haksız Rekabet) | since |
| Turkish Penal Code, Information System CrimesLaw No. 5237 (Turkish Penal Code), Arts. 243-244 (Bilişim Alanında Suçlar) | since |
| Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, Database Producer RightLaw No. 5846, Ek Madde 8 (added by Law No. 5101, ) | since |
 Turkmenistan
tm
2 instruments
| |
| Criminal Code, malicious programsCriminal Code of Turkmenistan, art. 379 (Law No. 456-VI of , new redaction, in force ) | since |
| Criminal Code, unlawful access to an information systemCriminal Code of Turkmenistan, art. 373 (Law No. 456-VI of , new redaction, in force ) | since |
 United Arab Emirates
ae
3 instruments
| |
| Federal Decree-Law on Combating Rumours and Cybercrime, hacking offencesFederal Decree-Law No. 34 of 2021, Arts. 1-3 (Hacking) | since |
| Federal Decree-Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights, protection exclusions and limitationsFederal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2021, Arts. 3, 22, 24 | since |
| Federal Decree-Law on the Protection of Personal Data, reach over scraped public personal dataFederal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021, Art. 4 (reach over scraped public personal data) | since |
 Uzbekistan
uz
1 instrument
| |
| Law on Personal Data, publicly available personal dataLaw No. ZRU-547 (), Art. 29 | since |
 Vietnam
vn
0 instruments
| |
| Law on Cybersecurity, unauthorized access prohibitionLaw No. 24/2018/QH14 (Law on Cybersecurity), art. 8(3), art. 9 | |
| Africa | |
| Economic Community of West African States · 11 member states | |
 Benin
bj
2 instruments
| |
| Loi n°2005-30 relative à la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins, exclusion des nouvelles du jour et protection des bases de données comme compilationsLoi n°2005-30 du 05 avril 2006, Exclusions des Nouvelles du Jour et des Bases de Données, relative à la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins | in force |
| Loi n°2017-20 portant Code du Numérique en République du Bénin, Livre VI (cybercriminalité), atteintes aux réseaux et systèmes d'informationLoi n°2017-20 du 20 avril 2018, Livre VI, Atteintes aux Réseaux et Systèmes d'Information, portant Code du Numérique en République du Bénin | in force |
 Cabo Verde
cv
1 instrument
| |
| Cybercrime Law, Unauthorised Access to a Computer SystemLei n.º 8/IX/2017, art. 6.º (acesso ilícito), de 20 de Março (Lei do Cibercrime) | in force |
 Côte d'Ivoire
ci
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright and Neighboring Rights Act, database compilation protectionLoi n° 2016-555 du 26 juillet 2016, art. 8 (protection des bases de données comme compilations), relative au droit d'auteur et aux droits voisins | since |
| Cybercrime Act, unauthorized access to an information systemLoi n° 2013-451 du 19 juin 2013 relative à la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, art. 4 (accès frauduleux à un système informatique) | in force |
 Gambia
gm
1 instrument
| |
| Information and Communications Act, 2009, Computer Misuse and Cyber Crime partInformation and Communications Act, 2009 (No. 2 of 2009), Chapter III, Part III (Computer Misuse and Cyber Crime, ss. 163-169) | since |
 Ghana
gh
3 instruments
| |
| Cybersecurity Act, Unlawful AccessCybersecurity Act, 2020 (Act 1038), s. 94 (Unlawful Access) | since |
| Electronic Transactions Act, Cyber OffencesElectronic Transactions Act, 2008 (Act 772), ss. 124, 130-134 (Cyber Offences) | since |
| Copyright Act, Database ProtectionCopyright Act, 2005 (Act 690), ss. 1, 19 (Database Protection) | since |
 Guinea
gn
2 instruments
| |
| Loi n° L/2016/037/AN portant Cybersécurité et Protection des Données à Caractère Personnel, titre relatif aux infractions informatiques (cybercriminalité)Loi n° L/2016/037/AN, titre cybercriminalité, portant Cybersécurité et Protection des Données à Caractère Personnel | in force |
| Loi portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique, articles 9 et 22 (bases de données)Loi L/2019/0028/AN, art. 9 et 22 | in force |
 Liberia
lr
2 instruments
| |
| Liberia Intellectual Property Act, 2016, database compilation and private-copy exclusion (§§ 9.3, 9.4, 9.10)Liberia Intellectual Property Act, 2016, §§ 9.3, 9.4, 9.10 (Database Compilation and Private-Copy Exclusion) | in force |
| Cybercrime Act of 2025Cybercrime Act of 2025 | from a date not yet set |
 Nigeria
ng
1 instrument
| |
| Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act, 2015, unlawful access to a computerCybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act, 2015, s. 6 (unlawful access to a computer) | in force |
 Senegal
sn
2 instruments
| |
| Loi n° 2008-11 du 25 janvier 2008 sur la Cybercriminalité, data input, interception and alteration offences (Penal Code arts. 431-11 to 431-13)Loi n° 2008-11 du 25 janvier 2008 portant sur la Cybercriminalité, Code pénal arts. 431-11 to 431-13 | in force |
| Loi n° 2008-11 du 25 janvier 2008 sur la Cybercriminalité, unauthorized computer-system access (Penal Code arts. 431-8 to 431-9)Loi n° 2008-11 du 25 janvier 2008 portant sur la Cybercriminalité, Code pénal arts. 431-8 to 431-9 | in force |
 Sierra Leone
sl
1 instrument
| |
| Cyber Security and Crime Act, 2021, unauthorised accessCyber Security and Crime Act, 2021 (Act No. 7 of 2021), s. 33 (Unauthorised Access) | since |
 Togo
tg
1 instrument
| |
| Loi n° 2018-026, accès et maintien frauduleux à un système informatiqueLoi n° 2018-026 du 07 décembre 2018 sur la cybersécurité et la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, art. 8 (accès et maintien frauduleux à un système informatique) | in force |
| Africa (non ECOWAS) | |
 Algeria
dz
3 instruments
| |
| Loi n° 09-04 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre les infractions liées aux technologies de l'information et de la communicationLoi n° 09-04 du 5 août 2009 portant règles particulières relatives à la prévention et à la lutte contre les infractions liées aux technologies de l'information et de la communication, Journal officiel n° 47 | since |
| Code pénal, atteintes aux systèmes de traitement automatisé de donnéesOrdonnance n° 66-156 du 8 juin 1966 portant code pénal, articles 394 bis à 394 noniès, insérés par la loi n° 04-15 du 10 novembre 2004 (JO n° 71), articles 394 bis à 394 quinquiès réécrits par la loi n° 24-06 du 28 avril 2024 (JO n° 30) | since |
| Ordonnance n° 03-05, protection des bases de donnéesOrdonnance n° 03-05 du 19 juillet 2003, art. 5 (bases de données) | since |
 Angola
ao
1 instrument
| |
| Penal Code, Unauthorised Access to an Information SystemCódigo Penal de Angola, art. 438.º (Acesso Ilegítimo a Sistema de Informação), Lei n.º 38/20 de 11 de Novembro de 2020 | in force |
 Botswana
bw
2 instruments
| |
| Cybercrime and Computer Related Crimes Act, 2018 (Act No. 18 of 2018)Cybercrime and Computer Related Crimes Act, 2018 (Act No. 18 of 2018) | since |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 2000 (Cap. 68:02), Database ProtectionCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000, Database Protection | in force |
 Burkina Faso
bf
2 instruments
| |
| Loi n°025-2018/AN du 31 mai 2018 portant Code pénal, computer and data systems offenses (Livre VII, Titre I, Chapitre 1)Loi n°025-2018/AN du 31 mai 2018 portant Code pénal, Livre VII, Titre I, Chapitre 1 (infractions relatives aux systèmes et données informatiques, Art. 711-1 à 711-13) | in force |
| Loi n°048-2019/AN du 12 novembre 2019 portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique, database and news exceptionsLoi n°048-2019/AN, Database and News-Facts Exclusions (Arts. 10 et 22), portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique, 12 novembre 2019 | in force |
 Burundi
bi
2 instruments
| |
| Law No. 1/10 of March 16, 2022 on the Prevention and Repression of Cybercriminality in BurundiLoi n°1/10 du 16 mars 2022 portant prévention et répression de la cybercriminalité au Burundi | since |
| Law No. 1/021 of December 30, 2005 on the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights, database and facts exclusionsLoi n° 1/021, Database and Facts Exclusion (Arts. 7 et 26.1), portant protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins, 30 décembre 2005 | since |
 Cameroon
cm
2 instruments
| |
| Loi n°2000/011 du 19 décembre 2000 relative au droit d'auteur et aux droits voisins, article 4(2)(b) (protection des bases de données)Loi n°2000/011 du 19 décembre 2000, art. 4(2)(b) | in force |
| Loi n°2010/012 du 21 décembre 2010 relative à la cybersécurité et à la cybercriminalité au Cameroun, articles 68-69 (accès frauduleux)Loi n°2010/012 du 21 décembre 2010, art. 68-69 | in force |
 Central African Republic
cf
1 instrument
| |
| Loi n° 24.001 portant protection des données à caractère personnel, collecte de données publiquement accessibles et transfert transfrontalierLoi n° 24.001 du 25 janvier 2024, Chapitre II (motifs de licéité, données librement accessibles) et Chapitre III (flux transfrontalier), articles 11 à 27 | since |
 Chad
td
1 instrument
| |
| Code Pénal, unauthorised access to and interference with a computer systemLoi n°001/PR/2017 du 8 mai 2017 portant Code Pénal, Livre 6, Chapitre 2 (De la cybercriminalité), Section 1, Sous-sections 1-2 (art. 429-431), codifying Loi n°009/PR/2015 du 10 février 2015 relative à la cybersécurité et à la lutte contre la cybercriminalité | in force |
 Comoros
km
1 instrument
| |
| Penal Code, unauthorized access to an information systemCode pénal, Loi n° 20-038/AU du 29 décembre 2020, promulguée par Décret n° 21-018/PR du 16 février 2021, Chapitre 4 (De la cybercriminalité), Section 2, art. 451 | since |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
cd
2 instruments
| |
| Digital Code, Book IV: Unauthorized Access to a Computer SystemCode du numérique, Livre IV, Sécurité et protection pénale des systèmes informatiques, Ordonnance-loi n° 23/010 du 13 mars 2023 (arts. 330 à 334) | since |
| Copyright and Neighboring Rights Ordinance-Law, Exclusive Right, Reproduction and LimitationsOrdonnance-loi n° 86-033 du 5 avril 1986 portant protection des droits d'auteur et des droits voisins, arts. 1, 6, 20, 24 à 32 et 96 | since |
 Djibouti
dj
1 instrument
| |
| Digital Code, Book VI: Fraudulent Access to Information SystemsLoi n° 019/AN/23/9ème L portant Code Numérique, Livre Sixième, Arts. 555 à 559 | in force |
 Egypt
eg
2 instruments
| |
| Law No. 175 of 2018 on Anti-Cyber and Information Technology CrimesLaw No. 175 of 2018 on Anti-Cyber and Information Technology Crimes | since |
| Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, Copyright and Database Chapter (Book Three)Law No. 82 of 2002, Copyright and Database Chapter (Book Three), on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, as amended by Law No. 178 of 2020 | since |
 Eritrea
er
1 instrument
| |
| Penal Code of the State of Eritrea, Unauthorized Use of a ComputerPenal Code of the State of Eritrea (2015), arts. 374-375 (Unauthorized Use of a Computer) | from a date not yet set |
 Eswatini
sz
1 instrument
| |
| Computer Crime and Cybercrime Act, 2022, Illegal AccessComputer Crime and Cybercrime Act, 2022 (Act No. 6 of 2022), s. 3 (Illegal Access) | since |
 Ethiopia
et
2 instruments
| |
| Computer Crime ProclamationProclamation No. 958/2016 (Federal Negarit Gazette, 22nd Year No. 83, ) | since |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Proclamation, Database ProtectionProclamation No. 410/2004, arts. 4(1)(b), 9(2)(c) (Database Protection) | since |
 Gabon
ga
2 instruments
| |
| Loi n°027/2023, infractions et sanctions informatiquesLoi n°027/2023 du 11 juillet 2023 portant réglementation de la cybersécurité et de la lutte contre la cybercriminalité en République Gabonaise, chapitre Ier (art. 49-61) | since |
| Loi n°1/87, protection des recueils et compilationsLoi n°1/87, art. 5 (recueils et compilations), du 29 juillet 1987 instituant la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins | since |
 Kenya
ke
1 instrument
| |
| Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act, 2018, unauthorised accessComputer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act, 2018 (No. 5 of 2018), s. 14 (unauthorised access) | since |
 Lesotho
ls
2 instruments
| |
| Penal Code Act, 2010, Misuse of Property of AnotherPenal Code Act, 2010 (Act No. 6 of 2012), s. 62 | since |
| Copyright Order, 1989, Absence of a Text-and-Data-Mining Exception or Database RightCopyright Order, 1989 (Order No. 13 of 1989), ss. 2, 5 | in force |
 Libya
ly
2 instruments
| |
| Law No. 5 of 2022 on Combating Cybercrimes, unauthorised access and system interferenceLaw No. 5 of 2022 Concerning Combating Cybercrimes, arts. 10-16 | since |
| Law No. 9 of 1968, protected works and collectionsLaw No. 9 of 1968 Issuing the Copyright Protection Law, arts. 2, 4 | since |
 Madagascar
mg
2 instruments
| |
| Law No. 94-036, protection of databases as compilationsLoi n° 94-036, art. 6 et 7 (protection des banques de données) | since |
| Law No. 2014-006, fraudulent access to an information systemLoi n° 2014-006 sur la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, art. 3, 4 et 6 (accès et maintien frauduleux) | in force |
 Malawi
mw
1 instrument
| |
| Electronic Transactions and Cyber Security Act, 2016, unauthorized access to dataElectronic Transactions and Cyber Security Act, 2016, s. 84 (unauthorized access, interception or interference with data) | since |
 Mali
ml
1 instrument
| |
| Loi n° 2019-056, accès et maintien frauduleux à un système d'informationLoi n° 2019-056 du 5 décembre 2019 portant répression de la cybercriminalité, arts. 4-5 (accès et maintien frauduleux à un système d information) | since |
 Mauritania
mr
1 instrument
| |
| Loi n° 2016-007, accès non autorisé à un système informatiqueLoi n° 2016-007 du 20 janvier 2016 relative à la cybercriminalité, arts. 6-7 (accès non autorisé) | since |
 Mauritius
mu
2 instruments
| |
| Cybersecurity and Cybercrime Act 2021, unauthorised access offencesCybersecurity and Cybercrime Act 2021 (Act No. 16 of 2021), Part III (ss. 7-13, unauthorised access and related offences) | since |
| Copyright Act 2014, limitations on economic rights and offencesCopyright Act 2014 (Act No. 2 of 2014), ss. 16-22, 56 (limitations on economic rights, and offences) | since |
| Computer Misuse and Cybercrime Act 2003 (repealed)Computer Misuse and Cybercrime Act 2003 (Act 22 of 2003) | |
 Morocco
ma
1 instrument
| |
| Law No. 2-00 on Copyright and Related Rights, Database and Reproduction ProvisionsLaw No. 2-00 on Copyright and Related Rights, Arts. 5(b), 10 and 12(c) (database and reproduction provisions), promulgated by Dahir No. 1-00-20 of 9 Kaada 1420 (), as amended by Law No. 34-05, Law No. 79-12 and Law No. 66-19 (Dahir No. 1-22-35 of ) | since |
 Mozambique
mz
1 instrument
| |
| Electronic Transactions Law, Computer Misuse ContraventionsLei n.º 3/2017, de 9 de Janeiro, arts. 67 e 68 (Transacções Electrónicas) | since |
 Namibia
na
1 instrument
| |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act 6 of 1994, Fair Dealing and Compilation ProtectionCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act 6 of 1994, ss. 2, 15-16 | since |
 Niger
ne
1 instrument
| |
| Loi n° 2019-33, accès illégal et maintien frauduleuxLoi n° 2019-33, accès illégal et maintien frauduleux dans un système informatique, répression de la cybercriminalité au Niger, du 3 juillet 2019, art. 3 et 4 | in force |
 Republic of the Congo
cg
2 instruments
| |
| Law on Combating Cybercrime, Fraudulent Data Introduction, Interception and Personal-Data OffencesLoi n° 27-2020 du 5 juin 2020 portant lutte contre la cybercriminalité, arts. 7, 8, 17, 22 | in force |
| Law on Combating Cybercrime, Unauthorised Access, Interference and Fraudulent Copying of DataLoi n° 27-2020 du 5 juin 2020 portant lutte contre la cybercriminalité, arts. 4, 5, 6, 63 | in force |
 Rwanda
rw
1 instrument
| |
| Law on Prevention and Punishment of Cybercrimes, unauthorized accessLaw N° 60/2018 of 25/09/2018 on Prevention and Punishment of Cyber Crimes, art. 16 (Unauthorized access to a computer or a computer system data) | since |
 Sao Tome and Principe
st
2 instruments
| |
| Decreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, protecção de compilações e exclusão das notícias do diaDecreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, arts. 3 e 7, de 19 de Abril de 2017, Código do Direito de Autor e dos Direitos Conexos | since |
| Decreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, utilizações livres e reprodução técnicaDecreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, arts. 75-76 e 197, de 19 de Abril de 2017, Código do Direito de Autor e dos Direitos Conexos | since |
 Seychelles
sc
1 instrument
| |
| Cybercrimes and other Related Crimes Act, 2021, unauthorised access to a computer systemCybercrimes and other Related Crimes Act, 2021 (Act 59 of 2021), s. 4 (unauthorised access to computer system) | since |
| Computer Misuse Act, 1998, unauthorised access (repealed)Computer Misuse Act, 1998 (Act 17 of 1998; Chapter 4), s. 3 (unauthorised access to computer) | |
 South Africa
za
1 instrument
| |
| Cybercrimes Act, unlawful access and unlawful interception of dataCybercrimes Act 19 of 2020, ss. 2 (unlawful access) and 3 (unlawful interception of data) | since |
 South Sudan
ss
2 instruments
| |
| Penal Code Act, 2008, computer and electronic related offencesThe Penal Code Act, 2008 (Act 9 of 2008), ss. 388-394 (Computer and Electronic Related Offences) | since |
| National Communication Act, 2012, confidentiality and unauthorised interception of communicationsThe National Communication Act, 2012 (Act 24 of 2012), ss. 96 and 98(1)(e) | in force |
 Sudan
sd
1 instrument
| |
| Copyright Act, Computer-Readable Databases as CompilationsCopyright Act, 2013 (Sudan), arts. 5(2)(d) and 34 | in force |
 Tanzania
tz
3 instruments
| |
| Personal Data Protection Act, 2022, application to processing of personal dataPersonal Data Protection Act, 2022 (Act No. 11 of 2022), s. 22 (application: collection of personal data) | since |
| Cybercrimes Act, 2015, unauthorised access and interference offencesCybercrimes Act, 2015 (Act No. 14 of 2015), ss. 4-9 (illegal access, illegal remaining, illegal interception, illegal data interference, illegal system interference, data espionage) | since |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, protection of compilations and databasesCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 1999 (Cap. 218), s. 6(1)(b) (derivative works: compilations of data or data bases) | since |
 Tunisia
tn
1 instrument
| |
| Decree-Law on Cybercrime, unauthorised accessDécret-loi n° 2022-54 du 13 septembre 2022, relatif à la lutte contre les infractions se rapportant aux systèmes d'information et de communication, art. 16 | since |
 Uganda
ug
1 instrument
| |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, Chapter 222, fair useCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, Chapter 222, s. 14 (fair use) | since |
| Computer Misuse Act, 2011, unauthorised accessComputer Misuse Act, 2011 (Act 2 of 2011; Chapter 96), s. 11 (unauthorised access), as amended by the Computer Misuse (Amendment) Act, 2022 | |
 Zambia
zm
1 instrument
| |
| Cyber Crimes Act, 2025, unauthorised access to computer system and dataCyber Crimes Act, 2025 (Act No. 4 of 2025), s. 3 | since |
| Cyber Security and Cyber Crimes Act, 2021, unauthorised access to computer system and data (repealed)Cyber Security and Cyber Crimes Act, 2021 (Act No. 2 of 2021), s. 49 | |
 Zimbabwe
zw
1 instrument
| |
| Cyber and Data Protection Act, Insertion of Computer-Misuse Offences into the Criminal Law CodeCyber and Data Protection Act [Chapter 12:07] (No. 5 of 2021), s. 35, substituting ss. 163-166 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] | since |
| Oceania | |
 Australia
au
4 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), Circumvention of Access Control Technological Protection Measures (sections 10(1), 116AN to 116AQ and 132APC)Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), No. 63, 1968, ss. 116AN to 116AQ | since |
| Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Part 10.7, Unauthorised Access to Restricted DataCriminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Schedule (the Criminal Code), Part 10.7, ss. 476.2, 478.1 | since |
| Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), Reach Over Scraped Personal InformationPrivacy Act 1988 (Cth), No. 119, 1988, Schedule 1, Australian Privacy Principles 3 and 6, read with s. 6 | since |
| Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), Fair Dealing Exceptions and No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionCopyright Act 1968 (Cth), No. 63, 1968, ss. 10, 40, 41, 41A, 42 | in force |
 Fiji
fj
1 instrument
| |
| Copyright Act 1999, Fair Dealing and Criminal Liability for InfringementCopyright Act, 1999 (Act No. 11 of 1999), ss. 41-42, 121 | from a date not yet set |
 Kiribati
ki
1 instrument
| |
| Cybercrime Act 2021, unauthorised accessCybercrime Act 2021 (No. 10 of 2021), s. 7 (Unauthorised access) | from a date not yet set |
 Micronesia
fm
1 instrument
| |
| FSM Copyright Act, exclusive rights, fair use, and compilation protectionFSM Code Title 35, Ch. 1 (Copyrights), secs. 101-109 | in force |
 Nauru
nr
1 instrument
| |
| Cybercrime Act 2015, illegal access to a protected computerCybercrime Act 2015 (No. 14 of 2015), s. 6 (illegal access) | since |
 New Zealand
nz
4 instruments
| |
| Privacy Act 2020, Reach Over Scraped Personal InformationPrivacy Act 2020 (NZ), No 31, ss. 4, 7, 22 (IPP 1, 2) | since |
| Copyright Act 1994, Technological Protection MeasuresCopyright Act 1994 (NZ), No 143, ss. 226A, 226C | since |
| Crimes Act 1961, Accessing a Computer System Without AuthorisationCrimes Act 1961 (NZ), No 43, s. 252 | since |
| Copyright Act 1994, Fair Dealing and No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionCopyright Act 1994 (NZ), No 143, ss. 2, 42, 43 | since |
 Palau
pw
1 instrument
| |
| Penal Code, unauthorized computer access17 PNCA secs. 3101, 3109-3111 (Computer Crimes, Unauthorized Computer Access) | in force |
 Papua New Guinea
pg
1 instrument
| |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000, Exceptions to Copyright and EnforcementCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000 (PNG), No. 21 of 2000, ss. 5, 8, 10, 14, 27-28 | in force |
 Samoa
ws
3 instruments
| |
| Crimes Act 2013, computer-access and interference offencesCrimes Act 2013, No. 10 (Samoa), Part 18 (ss. 206-214) | since |
| Electronic Transactions Act 2008, electronic contract and signature recognitionElectronic Transactions Act 2008, No. 15 (Samoa), ss. 4, 8 (consent to electronic records and electronic signatures) | since |
| Copyright Act 1998, compilation-only protection of collections and databasesCopyright Act 1998, No. 25 (Samoa), s. 4(1)(b) (protection of collections and databases) | since |
 Solomon Islands
sb
1 instrument
| |
| Telecommunications Act 2009, Unauthorised-Access and Interception OffencesTelecommunications Act 2009 (Solomon Islands), Part 19 (Offences), s. 120 | since |
 Tonga
to
2 instruments
| |
| Computer Crimes Act 2025, unauthorised access to or modification of computer dataComputer Crimes Act 2025 (Act 15 of 2025), s. 6 (Unauthorised access to or modification of computer data) | since |
| Protection Against Unfair Competition Act 2002, general unfair-competition clauseProtection Against Unfair Competition Act 2002 (Act No. 19 of 2002, 2020 Revised Edition), s. 4 | since |
| Computer Crimes Act 2003, unauthorised accessComputer Crimes Act, 2003 (Act 14 of 2003), s. 4 (Illegal access) | |
 Tuvalu
tv
2 instruments
| |
| Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation Act 1993, offences and penaltiesTuvalu Telecommunications Corporation Act 1993 (Act No. 4 of 1993), s. 33 (offences and penalties) | since |
| Copyright Ordinance, infringement penaltiesCopyright Ordinance (Chapter 40.24, Revised Edition 2008), s. 2 (penalties for dealing with infringing copies) | since |
 Vanuatu
vu
1 instrument
| |
| Cybercrime Act 2021, computer-access and interference offencesCybercrime Act No. 22 of 2021 (Vanuatu) | since |
| Other | |
 Bermuda
bm
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright and Designs Act 2004, database rightCopyright and Designs Act 2004 (Bermuda), 2004:5, Part V (database right) | since |
| Computer Misuse Act 1996, unauthorised access and modification offencesComputer Misuse Act 1996 (Bermuda), 1996:16, ss. 3-6A (unauthorised access, modification and related offences) | in force |
 Cayman Islands
ky
2 instruments
| |
| Copyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, database and compilation copyrightCopyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, s. 3(1) databases | since |
| Copyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, text and data analysis exceptionCopyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, s. 29A text and data analysis | since |
 Cook Islands
ck
1 instrument
| |
| Copyright Act 2013, economic rights, computer program copying, and technological protection measuresCopyright Act 2013, No. 8 (Cook Islands), ss. 8, 9, 22, 44 (economic rights, computer program copying, and technological protection measures) | since |
 Hong Kong
hk
6 instruments
| |
| Electronic Transactions Ordinance, section 17, validity of a contract formed by electronic recordsCap. 553, Electronic Transactions Ordinance, s. 17 | since |
| Copyright Ordinance, section 4(1)(a), protection of a compilation of data as a literary workCopyright Ordinance (Cap. 528), s. 4(1)(a) | since |
| Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, collection and use of personal data gathered from other sourcesPersonal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486), Schedule 1, principles 1 and 3 | since |
| Copyright Ordinance, fair dealing for research, private study, criticism, review, quotation and reportingCopyright Ordinance (Cap. 528), ss. 38-39 | in force |
| Crimes Ordinance, access to a computer with criminal or dishonest intentCrimes Ordinance (Cap. 200), s. 161 | in force |
| Telecommunications Ordinance, unauthorized access to a computer by telecommunicationsTelecommunications Ordinance (Cap. 106), s. 27A | in force |
 Kosovo
xk
0 instruments
| |
| Law No. 04/L-065 on the Right of the Author and Related Rights, Limitations on Economic RightsLaw No. 04/L-065, ch. IV (limitations of the right of the author) | |
| Law No. 04/L-065 on the Right of the Author and Related Rights, Sui Generis Database RightLaw No. 04/L-065, arts. 147-153 (database right) | |
 Taiwan
tw
3 instruments
| |
| Copyright Act, fair use of a workCopyright Act (著作權法), Arts. 65, 91 | in force |
| Criminal Code, Offenses Against Computer SecurityCriminal Code of the Republic of China (中華民國刑法), Arts. 358-363 | in force |
| Fair Trade Act, general clause against deceptive or unfair competitive conductFair Trade Act (公平交易法), Arts. 6, 25, 42 | in force |
United States: states and territories97 in 52 jurisdictions
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