BahrainCopyright Law, Quotation Exception
Law No. 22 of 2006, Art. 21 (Quotation Exception)
In force.
A copyright and text and data mining (TDM) rule binding public and private bodies.
- Enforcement body
- Bahraini courts, on a rightful owner's civil action or a criminal complaint
- Audit expectation
- none
What it requires
- An app training a model or otherwise reproducing text scraped from a Bahraini source may reproduce only a brief section of a legally published work, for a legitimate purpose and no more than the extent that purpose requires, and must mention the source and the author's name where the source indicates them.
- Exceeding the necessary extent of that quotation is copyright infringement, exposing the app to imprisonment of three months to one year and a fine of BD 500 to BD 4,000, or either penalty.
These lines are LexLint's reading of the law's text.
In the frameworks
- NIST AI RMF
- MAP 4.1Approaches for mapping AI technology and legal risks of its components – including the use of third-party data or software – are in place, followed, and documented, as are risks of infringement of a third party’s intellectual property or other rights.
Our reading of where this law's duties sit in each framework. It never says that running a control meets the law. How we read a framework against the law
If you get it wrong
Criminal exposureYes
Criminal exposure note
Article 65(1) subjects anyone who infringes a copyright or attendant right protected under the Law, without prejudice to a severer penalty under the Penal Code or another law, to imprisonment of no less than three months and no more than one year and a fine of no less than BD 500 and no more than BD 4,000, or either penalty.
Penalty structure
Fine of BD 500 to BD 4,000 under Article 65(1); the same paragraph also allows imprisonment of three months to one year instead of or in addition to the fine, and doubles under Article 59-equivalent recurrence provisions on a repeat offense.
- Rule
- Fixed only
- As of
- Currency
- BHD
- Fixed cap
- 4,000
What it makes you log
Logging duty
Article 21(1) permits reproducing a brief section of a lawfully published work to be quoted in another work, for a legitimate purpose and to the extent necessary. They impose no duty to create, keep, produce or review a log or record. The register of disposals and the collecting-society membership records in other articles are outside the provisions this row covers.
- Kind
- None
- As of
What this law does
Article 21(1) permits, without the author's permission and without payment of compensation, reproducing a brief section of a legally published work to quote it in another work, provided the quotation serves a legitimate purpose and does not exceed the extent necessary for that purpose, with the source and author's name mentioned where indicated in the source.
Anyone who infringes a right protected under the Law, including by exceeding this exception's necessary extent, is subject to imprisonment of three months to one year and a fine of BD 500 to BD 4,000, or either penalty. Article 81 provides that the Law takes effect from the day following the date of its publication in the Official Gazette. No source located states the resulting day.
When LexLint raises it
When your app profile says your app crawls the web, trains models or reuses other publishers' content.
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