LibyaLaw No. 9 of 1968, protected works and collections
Law No. 9 of 1968 Issuing the Copyright Protection Law, arts. 2, 4
In force since .
A copyright and text and data mining (TDM) rule binding public and private bodies.
- Obligation class
- Access restriction
- Audit expectation
- none
What it requires
- Do not reproduce, translate, or republish a protected literary, artistic, or scientific work without the author's written or electronic permission; Libya has no separate database right, so an unoriginal collection or compilation is protected only to the extent its individual contents are.
These lines are LexLint's reading of the law's text.
In the frameworks
- NIST AI RMF
- MAP 4.1Approaches for mapping AI technology and legal risks of its components – including the use of third-party data or software – are in place, followed, and documented, as are risks of infringement of a third party’s intellectual property or other rights.
- NIST AI 600-1
- GAI-RISK-09Information Security
- GAI-RISK-12Value Chain and Component Integration
- OWASP LLM Top 10
- LLM03:2026Excessive Agency
- OWASP Agentic Top 10
- ASI03Identity and Privilege Abuse
- MIT mitigations Draft
- FINOS AIGF
- AIR-PREV-018Agent Authority Least Privilege Framework
- AIR-PREV-023Agentic System Credential Protection Framework
- ETSI EN 304 223
- 5.1.2-6Access the AI system gets to other systems and data sources is minimal and risk assessed.
Our reading of where this law's duties sit in each framework. It never says that running a control meets the law. How we read a framework against the law
Identifiers refer to ETSI EN 304 223 V2.1.1 (2025-12), © ETSI 2025, all rights reserved. ETSI owns the standard; no ETSI text (titles or sentences) is reproduced here. The standard is free to download from ETSI.
If you get it wrong
Criminal exposureYes
Criminal exposure note
Infringing the rights protected by articles 5, 6, 7, and 9 is punishable under article 48 by a fine of twenty to five hundred Libyan pounds, a pre-1971 currency unit the law has never been amended to redenominate; selling, importing, or exporting a counterfeit work carries the same fine.
Who enforces it
Enforcement body
Ministry of Information & Culture; Court of First Instance
Settledness
- As of
- Open questions
- Does the closing sentence of Article 4, under which "the above mentioned collections shall enjoy protection if they are characterized by innovation, arrangement or any other personal effort worthy of protection", apply to all three classes of excluded collection or only to collections of official documents, and does it reach a dataset compiled by automated selection?
What it makes you log
Logging duty
Article 2 lists the works that are protected and article 4 lists the collections that are not protected unless they show innovation or arrangement. Neither imposes a duty to keep a log or record. Article 1 of the same law refers to registering a work under ministerial regulations, a registration of the work rather than a log, and it is not a section this row cites. The law has no territorial clause in the cited articles, so the hook is left empty.
- Kind
- None
- As of
What this law does
Article 2 of Law No. 9 of 1968 lists the categories of work an author is protected in, covering written, artistic, dramatic, musical, photographic, and similar works, but article 4 excludes a collection comprising various works, such as an anthology, from protection as such, without affecting the copyright each contained work carries on its own; Libya has no separate sui generis database or compilation right.
Article 4 also excludes a collection of official documents, such as statutes, decrees, and judgments, from protection unless it is itself characterized by innovation or an original arrangement. The law predates networked computing and states no text-and-data-mining exception and no machine-readable reservation mechanism.
When LexLint raises it
When your app profile says your app crawls the web or trains models.
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