Ukraine

Ukraine is not a General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) jurisdiction. Its governing act, Law No. 2297-VI On the Protection of Personal Data, was adopted 1 June 2010 and took effect 1 January 2011, built on the older Council of Europe Convention 108 and EU Directive 95/46 model rather than GDPR.

Article 7 prohibits processing biometric and genetic data except in listed cases, the first being the data subject's unambiguous consent, and Article 9 requires notifying the Ombudsperson of processing that poses a special risk within thirty working days of its start, but the law does not define biometric data anywhere, including in its own definitions provision.

A comprehensive GDPR-aligned replacement, Draft Law No. 8153, passed first reading on 20 November 2024 and remains pending second reading.

Ukraine has no scraping-specific statute, so general law governs each dimension separately.

The Criminal Code's article 361 criminalizes unauthorized interference in the operation of an information, electronic communications or telecommunications system; the offense turns on interference rather than on defeating a named access control, and no reported case establishes whether merely reading or downloading data from a public, unauthenticated page, without altering, blocking or disrupting the system's operation, meets that threshold.

Article 361-1 separately criminalizes creating, distributing or selling malicious software or technical means designed for such unauthorized interference. Articles 362 and 363 address a person who already has a right of access and a person responsible for operating the system respectively, so neither reaches an outside scraper. No Ukrainian court has ruled on the enforceability of a browsewrap or clickwrap terms-of-service against a scraper.

The Law on Copyright and Related Rights (No. 2811-IX) confers a sui generis right on the maker of a database who has made a qualitatively or quantitatively significant investment in obtaining, verifying or presenting its contents, running for 15 years from completion (or first publication) of the database, but a database created to systematize information that is public information under the Law on Access to Public Information is carved out of that right; the Law contains no text-and-data-mining exception, so training on scraped copyrighted text rests only on the general free-use exceptions of article 22 where a use can be characterised as falling within them.

Ukraine's personal-data statute, Law No. 2297-VI (covered in this jurisdiction's privacy-topic finding), applies to personal data without a general exemption for information the data subject has made public, so scraping personal data from a public Ukrainian website remains subject to that Law's lawful-basis and other duties.

No Ukrainian statute or reported case establishes a scraping-specific unfair-competition, misappropriation or trespass doctrine, and none assigns legal weight to a robots.txt directive or imposes an AI-training-specific rule.

Ukraine's private-sector cybersecurity posture rests on one currently enacted critical-infrastructure-owner duty, filed here in two provision-scoped rows, plus a second, broader physical-and-cyber resilience statute named but not filed, and an EU-accession NIS2-alignment reform track this review could not confirm has produced a text.

The Law "On the Basic Principles of Ensuring Cybersecurity of Ukraine" (Закон України "Про основні засади забезпечення кібербезпеки України"), Law No. 2163-VIII of 5 October 2017, took effect six months after its official publication under its own final provisions, commonly dated 9 May 2018, and remains in force.

Its Article 6(4) places responsibility for the cyber-defense of a critical infrastructure object's communication and technological systems, for the protection of technological information, for immediately informing Ukraine's governmental Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-UA) of a cybersecurity incident, and for organizing an independent information-security audit of the object, on the owners and/or managers of the enterprise, institution or organization the object belongs to.

Article 6(1) defers the designation of a critical infrastructure object, and the Register of Critical Infrastructure Objects itself, to a separate statute, the Law "On Critical Infrastructure" (Закон України "Про критичну інфраструктуру"), Law No. 1882-IX of 16 November 2021, in force six months after its own publication under its own final provisions.

That Law's Article 9(4) sector list of protected "vital functions and services" names, among seventeen sectors, governance and essential public administrative services, energy, water, food, healthcare, the pharmaceutical industry, vaccine manufacturing, information services, electronic communications, financial services, transport, defense and state security, law enforcement, civil protection, space activity, the chemical industry, and research.

Law No. 1882-IX's own Article 21 separately binds a designated critical-infrastructure operator to a further duty, naming cybersecurity as one strand of an integrated physical-security, operational-systems-security and cybersecurity protection obligation, together with a general, not cyber-specific, duty to inform the national critical-infrastructure-protection system's sectoral and functional bodies of an incident at the object and to file an annual compliance report; its incident-informing duty under Article 21(1)(9) is filed as a row of its own.

Neither Law No. 2163-VIII's Article 6(4) nor Law No. 1882-IX's Article 21 currently carries its own fixed monetary or custodial penalty for a breach: Law No. 2163-VIII's Article 12 is a generic cross-reference to whatever civil, administrative or criminal liability already exists under other legislation for the underlying conduct, rather than a penalty of its own, and Law No. 1882-IX's final provisions confirm that a dedicated sanctions regime for its own operator duties had not yet been drafted as of the text reviewed here.

Because zakon.rada.gov.ua, the Verkhovna Rada's official consolidated-legislation database, and its data.rada.gov.ua open-data sibling both return a site-wide robots.txt disallow for every crawler, both instruments below are pinned to a fixed Internet Archive Wayback Machine snapshot of the official zakon.rada.gov.ua page, since the live host answers every crawler with the same disallow; the archived text is the government's own, unaltered, and the snapshot used for Law No. 2163-VIII records the text as current to 3 April 2025 (basis: Law № 4070-IX), while the document's own status card, read on a later, shell-only snapshot, names a further amendment, Law № 4336-IX, in force from 19 October 2025, not reflected in the text pinned here.

No product-security or market-placement duty on a software or connected-device manufacturer, independent of the critical-infrastructure-owner regime above, was located; nor was a general "reasonable security" or information-security-programme statute with no sector gate.

This review could not confirm whether Ukraine has introduced a dedicated NIS2-aligned reform bill comparable to the pending reforms this topic's Spain row documents; if one exists, it was not found in the sources this review could reach.

This jurisdiction's own privacy row, the Law "On the Protection of Personal Data" (Law No. 2297-VI, in force 1 January 2011), carries Ukraine's data-protection regime, including the cross-reference Law No. 2163-VIII's own Article 6(5) makes to it for a cybersecurity incident's personal-data component, and is researched there rather than restated here.

The Criminal Code's Article 361 (unauthorized interference with an information, electronic-communications or telecommunications system) and Article 361-1 (creating or distributing malicious software) are intruder-offense provisions that bind the person doing the interfering rather than the operator, and are researched on this jurisdiction's scraping-topic row rather than here.

Article 21(1)(9) of the Law on Critical Infrastructure requires a critical infrastructure operator to inform the authorized critical infrastructure protection body immediately of incidents connected with violations of physical security and cybersecurity systems.

Ukraine's age-gating law sits in its general media statute rather than a dedicated age-verification act.

Law No. 2849-IX "On Media" (in force since 31 March 2023) requires a video-sharing platform provider to verify a user's age before granting access to content that may harm a child's physical, mental or moral development and to make a parental-control system available, and separately restricts audiovisual programming rated for an audience of at least 16 or 18 to fixed broadcast windows unless a conditional-access system is used instead.

Ukraine has no freestanding social-media minor-access statute, no app-store or device-level age-verification law, and no age-appropriate design code outside this media-sector scheme.

Ukraine has no press-publisher neighbouring right transposing the kind the European Union's Digital Single Market Directive article 15 creates, and no mandatory platform-to-publisher bargaining code; the related-rights chapter of the Law on Copyright and Related Rights (No. 2811-IX) covers only performers, phonogram and videogram producers and broadcasting organisations, and no provision anywhere in that Law names a press publisher as a rightsholder.

The general copyright framework instead reaches an aggregator's reproduction through two free-use exceptions: article 22(2)(1) permits quotation, including from newspaper and journal articles in the form of press reviews, subject to a fair-practice-style test tied to the quoting work's critical, polemical, scholarly or informational character, and article 22(2)(5) separately permits reproducing and distributing in the press, or communicating to the public, a previously published newspaper or magazine article on a current economic, political, religious or social topic, unless the author has specifically prohibited that use.

No Ukrainian statute or reported case addresses whether a hyperlink is a communication to the public, or whether framing or inline display changes the answer, no hot-news or misappropriation doctrine distinct from this copyright framework has been located, and the Law carries no machine-readable text-and-data-mining reservation or opt-out mechanism.

None of the article 22 exceptions carries a headline-length or short-extract cap distinct from their own fair-practice or non-prohibition tests, and no reported Ukrainian decision applies article 22(2)(1) to a systematic news aggregator rather than an individual quoting a published work.