Central African Republic

Article 111 opens by defining pornography as a complaisant representation of subjects in a literary, artistic, or cinematographic work that offends against good morals, and then makes it an offence for anyone to be guilty of pornographic acts with respect to children, punishable by two to five years' imprisonment and a fine, doubled on repeat conduct.

Because the article defines the underlying concept of pornography by reference to a representation in a work rather than by reference to conduct against a real child, its wording does not on its face exclude a virtual, drawn, or computer-generated depiction of a child from the offence, so a service generating that kind of synthetic content plausibly falls within the ban; no Central African appellate decision construing the point has been located, so this is a reading of the text rather than a settled interpretation.

The Code has no separate provision addressing AI-generated content, algorithmic transparency, or synthetic-media labelling.

Loi n° 24.001 applies to processing carried out by an establishment of a controller or a processor in the Central African Republic, and to processing that produces effects in the country even where the controller is abroad, subject to carve outs for a purely personal or domestic use and for the temporary, intermediate technical copies an access provider makes to route traffic.

Every activity of processing personal data must respect the principles of lawfulness, fairness, transparency, security, purpose limitation, accuracy, proportionality, and retention limitation.

Personal data may be processed only where it is necessary for the performance of a contract, compliance with a legal obligation, a legitimate interest that does not override the data subject's rights, the data subject's freely given and revocable explicit consent, the safeguarding of someone's vital interests, or the performance of a public interest mission, and a person who has made their own data freely accessible supports a controller's reliance on the legitimate interest ground.

Data processed for archival, historical, statistical, or scientific purposes may be kept and used under safeguards a law defines for that purpose even after the Act's ordinary retention limit would otherwise apply. A controller must take precautions appropriate to the data's nature and the risks involved to keep personal data secure, including protection against accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, or unauthorized access.

Processing may be subcontracted only on the controller's instruction, the processor must offer sufficient guarantees to implement security and confidentiality measures, and the contract between them must specify the processor's security and confidentiality obligations.

A provider of electronic signature certification services must collect the personal data it needs to issue and keep the certificates directly from the person concerned, and use it only for that purpose, absent the person's express consent otherwise.

Interconnecting personal data files held by different public service bodies with different public interests, or held by private parties for different purposes, needs the agency's prior authorization, stating the nature of the data, the purpose the interconnection serves, and its duration.

Every controller must designate a data protection officer responsible for compliance with the Act's obligations, who keeps the register of processing operations, issues an opinion on every new processing operation before it starts, and consults the agency in case of doubt, and designating one exempts the controller from the ordinary prior declaration formalities except where the processing needs the agency's authorization.

Only a person residing in the Central African Republic with the necessary knowledge and qualifications may be designated data protection officer, whether an employee or an outside person, and the officer may be removed only for serious cause and after the agency has been told.

Chapitre Ier defines a violation of personal data as any destruction, loss, alteration, or unauthorized disclosure of personal data, transmitted, stored, or otherwise processed, that is accidental or unlawful, but no provision of the Act requires that violation to be notified to the agency or to the person concerned. The Act states that it takes effect from its date of promulgation, but the archived text does not show a legible date for that promulgation.

A controller may transfer personal data to a foreign State only where that State's legislation ensures a level of protection similar to the one this Act assures, assessed against the nature of the data, the purpose and duration of the processing, the countries of origin and destination, and the rules the third country applies.

Absent a similarly protective destination, a transfer may still go ahead where the person concerned, informed of the gap, has unambiguously consented, where it is necessary to perform a contract with or for the person or pre-contractual measures at their request, where a law requires it to safeguard an important public interest or a legal claim, where it safeguards the person's vital interest, or where it comes from a public register open to a person with a legitimate interest.

A recipient may not transfer the data onward to another State without the original controller's agreement. For a transfer to a State outside the CEMAC or CEEAC that does not assure an identical level of protection, the agency may still authorize it where the controller offers sufficient guarantees for privacy and fundamental rights, including through appropriate contractual clauses, and that authorization may be renewed on request.

A transfer to another country outside the CEMAC or CEEAC needs a sufficient level of protection there too, the controller must give the agency prior notice before any such transfer, and absent adequate protection the transfer may still proceed on the person's unambiguous consent, a contract's necessity, an important public interest or legal claim, or a public register.

Anyone with a legitimate reason has the right to object, at any time and free of charge, to the processing of personal data concerning them, and the agency assesses whether a contested reason is legitimate.

A person may obtain, on request, information about the purposes of the processing, the categories of data processed, and the recipients or categories of recipients the data are communicated to, along with the information letting them understand and contest the mechanism of an automated decision that produces legal effects for them.

The person exercises the right of access free of charge, on the spot or remotely, without delay, and receives a copy of their data on request, and where the access concerns health data the controller may communicate it through the physician the person designates. A controller may refuse a manifestly abusive request, repeated or systematic, from the same person, but bears the burden of proving the request was abusive if the refusal is disputed.

On a substantiated request, a person may require a controller to rectify, complete, update, block, or erase personal data concerning them that is inaccurate, incomplete, ambiguous, outdated, or unlawfully collected, used, communicated, or retained, and where the controller had disclosed the data to a third party it must notify that party of the change without delay.

Where a processing activity concerns State security, defense, or public safety, the rights of access and rectification are exercised indirectly, without the data subject's consent, through a request the agency routes to the controller.

Direct marketing by phone, fax, SMS, email, instant message, or social network needs the recipient's prior consent, the recipient must be able to unsubscribe or change their preferences at any time, and where the marketing targets a business or a person acting professionally the controller must still give notice and an unsubscribe option in every communication, as simple and effective as signing up was.

The agency may impose against a controller, for a breach of one or more provisions of the Act, a warning, an order to stop the processing, a pecuniary sanction, or the withdrawal of a granted authorization or certification.

In an emergency, where a processing activity or the exploitation of data violates the rights and freedoms the Act's opening articles protect, the agency may order the interruption of the processing for up to three months, or lock certain data for up to three months where the processing serves only State security, national defense, or public safety purposes.

A pecuniary sanction is doubled on repeat conduct, and where the breach is grave and immediate the agency may ask the competent court, by way of an emergency referral, to order any security measure the rights and freedoms require. A sanction is decided on the basis of a report, gives the controller a chance to make written and oral observations and be represented, and results in a reasoned, published decision the controller may appeal to the administrative courts, at the sanctioned party's cost.

The pecuniary sanction cannot exceed 5 percent of the controller's turnover, excluding tax, for the last closed financial year, and is recovered like a debt owed the State.

Separate criminal penalties apply, from six months to five years' imprisonment and a fine of 100,000 to 10,000,000 FCFA depending on the offence, for obstructing the agency's missions, for negligently processing personal data without observing the Act's required prior formalities, for retaining data beyond the duration declared to the agency outside an historical, statistical, or scientific exception, for collecting data by a fraudulent, unfair, or unlawful means, for misusing a file's declared purpose, for continuing to process despite a person's well founded objection or rectification request, or for an unauthorized disclosure that harms a person's standing or the privacy of their life.

A court may order the erasure of data involved in an offence, and the agency's members and agents are empowered to establish that the erasure took place. The Ministry in charge of the digital economy has twelve months from the Act's promulgation to establish the dedicated agency, and performs the agency's functions itself in the meantime.

Loi n° 24.001 defines sensitive data as personal data relating to religious, philosophical, or political opinions or activities, sexual life or orientation or racial life, health, including genetic or biometric data, social measures, prosecutions, and criminal or administrative sanctions. A minor's data may be processed only where consent for it is given or authorized by a holder of parental responsibility over the child, including for a direct offer of information society services to children.

Where a processing activity engages sensitive data or the data of a particularly vulnerable person, including a minor, the controller must take every additional appropriate organizational and technical measure to protect the person concerned, and consent must in every case be explicit and require an affirmative act.

Processing sensitive data is otherwise prohibited because of the risk of discrimination or of harming a person's freedoms, covering data revealing racial origin, biometric and genetic data, political opinions, religious or other convictions, trade union membership, and health or sexual life.

By derogation, sensitive data may be processed with appropriate safeguards where the person concerned has given express consent unless a law says otherwise, where processing is necessary to safeguard the life of the person concerned or a third party who cannot consent, where it is carried out by a non profit religious, philosophical, political, or trade union body about its own members without third party disclosure, where it is necessary to establish, exercise, or defend a legal claim, where it serves preventive medicine, diagnosis, care, or health service management by a health professional, where the data were made public by the person concerned, where a law authorizes it for a public interest purpose, or where a labor law right or obligation requires it.

Data about a person's offences, convictions, and safety measures may be processed only by courts and public authorities acting within their legal powers, and by legal auxiliaries strictly for the duties the law assigns them.

Loi n° 24.001 reaches personal data wherever a controller finds it, including data a person has made publicly accessible online. A data subject who has made their own personal data freely accessible supports a controller's reliance on the legitimate-interest lawful basis for processing it, provided the use fits the context in which the person made the data accessible, but the Act does not state that publicly accessible data falls outside its scope or its other duties.

A controller may transfer personal data, wherever it was collected, to a foreign State only where that State's own legislation ensures a level of protection similar to the one this Act assures, or under one of the Act's listed derogations, the data subject's informed and unambiguous consent, a contract's necessity, an important public interest or legal claim, a vital interest, or a public register.

A transfer to a State outside the CEMAC or CEEAC needs the controller to give the data protection agency prior notice before the transfer, and absent an equivalent level of protection there the agency may still authorize it where the controller offers sufficient contractual guarantees.

Sensitive categories of personal data, including biometric, genetic, health, political, religious, and criminal-record data, may be processed only on the data subject's explicit consent or one of the Act's other listed derogations, whatever the source from which a controller obtained them.

Article 8 creates the Agence Nationale de la Cybersécurité (ANCy), a public, non-commercial establishment with legal personality and financial autonomy, as the national authority over the security of essential infrastructure and of public authorities' information systems.

Article 10 gives ANCy the power to designate essential-service operators, whether public or private, whose continuity could be gravely affected by an incident touching an electronic-communications network or information system; to set the protective measures those operators must implement to secure their essential infrastructure and to control compliance with them; to grant accreditation to a compliant operator; and to impose administrative sanctions, including pecuniary ones, on an operator that fails to meet its cybersecurity obligations, with no fixed amount stated in the text reviewed here.

Article 11 gives ANCy the function of Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) or Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT) for the Central African Republic and a 24/7 point of contact, under which it coordinates incident prevention and response with national partners and foreign CERTs and collects technical information about an incident affecting an essential-service operator's essential infrastructure or a State information system; the reviewed text states no deadline by which an operator must report an incident to ANCy.

Article 14 places the electronic-communications networks and information systems of network operators, certification authorities and electronic-communications service providers under a mandatory security audit; the audit's conditions and modalities, and the follow-up of its recommendations, are set by implementing regulation.

Article 25 restates the mandatory security-audit regime over electronic-communications networks and information systems generally, requires the audit and a severity-impact assessment to run at least once a year or whenever circumstances require it, and requires the resulting confidential audit report to reach ANCy for approval before it is transmitted to the Ministères chargés de la Sécurité Publique and de l'Economie Numérique for decision; a further implementing regulation sets the conditions for assessing severity-impact levels.

Article 15 binds ANCy's own personnel and the experts it commissions for an audit to professional secrecy, and Article 41 makes an unauthorized disclosure by that personnel or those experts a criminal offense punishable by one to five years' imprisonment and a fine of 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 CFA francs.

Article 43 makes it a criminal offense, punishable by one to five years' imprisonment and a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 CFA francs or either penalty alone, to obstruct a security audit by any means, incite resistance to it, or refuse to provide the information or documents it requires.

Article 16 requires an electronic-communications network operator or service provider to take all technical and administrative measures necessary to guarantee the security of the services it offers, and to inform users of the danger of using its networks, of the particular security-violation risks involved (distributed denial of service, abnormal rerouting, traffic spikes, unusual traffic and ports, passive and active eavesdropping, intrusions), and of the technical means available to secure their communications.

Article 19 imposes the same all-measures security duty on any information-system operator, and further requires that operator to adopt standardized systems to continually identify, assess, treat and manage the risks to its information systems' security, to put technical mechanisms in place against threats to the systems' permanent availability, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, data confidentiality and physical security, to submit those mechanisms to ANCy for approval, and to protect its platforms against intrusion with, among other things, an intrusion-detection system.

Article 20 requires a legal person offering access to information systems to inform users of the danger of an unsecured information system, the need for parental-control devices, and the particular risks of the generic virus family, and to offer at least one technical means of restricting access, such as an up-to-date operating system, antivirus and anti-spyware tools, a personal firewall, an intrusion-detection system or automatic updates; where no such means exists, the provider must say so.

Article 21 requires an information-system operator to inform users that using the network to distribute illicit content, or designing deceptive software, spyware or a potentially unwanted program, is prohibited. Article 23 requires an information-system operator to periodically evaluate and revise its security systems and introduce necessary changes as technology evolves, under ANCy's oversight, and lets it cooperate with its own users on that work.

None of the articles reviewed here states a fixed administrative or criminal penalty specific to a network operator's or information-system operator's failure to meet these security duties.

The Central African Republic is a member state of the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI), and the Bangui Agreement as revised on February 24, 1999 states that it and its annexes apply in their entirety to every State that ratifies or accedes to it, so its Annex VII copyright regime governs literary and artistic property in the Central African Republic directly, without need of separate domestic transposition.

Article 16 of Annex VII permits, without the author's consent and without payment, reproducing in the press, broadcasting, or communicating to the public an economic, political, or religious article already published in a newspaper or periodical, provided the source and author are credited, unless the right of reproduction has been expressly reserved; the same article separately permits reporting on current events and reproducing political speeches and public addresses for informational purposes.

Annex VII creates no press-publisher neighbouring right, no compelled platform-to-publisher bargaining regime, no hot-news or misappropriation doctrine distinct from ordinary copyright, and no machine-readable text-and-data-mining opt-out; it also predates any Central African case law testing whether the press exception reaches a systematic aggregator's reproduction of headlines and snippets, as opposed to a traditional press review.