Law / Frameworks / NIST Privacy Framework / Control-P

NIST Privacy Framework, Control-PCT.DM-P10

Stakeholder privacy preferences are included in algorithmic design objectives and outputs are evaluated against these preferences.NIST Privacy Framework, version 1.0, January 2020, CT.DM-P10

We read each law below as bearing on this control. That does not mean the control, done well, meets the law: what each law asks is on its own page. Law library as of .

92
laws
83
jurisdictions
1
with court rulings behind it
8
not yet in force
3
proposed, not law

Related controls in other frameworks the same duties, in at least two laws we track, reach both

A law in force is unmarked; the rest wear their state: not yet in force proposed

  • Albania
  • Andorra
  • Angola
  • Austria
  • Barbados
  • Belgium
  • Belize
  • Benin
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Botswana
  • Brazil
  • Bulgaria
  • Burkina Faso
  • Cabo Verde
  • Cambodia
  • Cayman Islands
  • Croatia
  • Cyprus
  • Czech Republic
  • Côte d'Ivoire
  • Denmark
  • Djibouti
  • Ecuador
  • Estonia
  • Eswatini
  • Ethiopia
  • European Union
  • Finland
  • France
  • Gambia
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Hungary
  • Iceland
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Kiribati
  • Kosovo
  • Latvia
  • Lesotho
  • Liechtenstein
  • Lithuania
  • Luxembourg
  • Madagascar
  • Mali
  • Malta
  • Mauritania
  • Mauritius
  • Moldova
  • Monaco
  • Morocco
  • Netherlands
  • Niger
  • Nigeria
  • North Macedonia
  • Norway
  • Panama
  • Peru
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Republic of the Congo
  • Romania
  • Rwanda
  • San Marino
  • Sao Tome and Principe
  • Senegal
  • Serbia
  • Slovakia
  • Slovenia
  • Somalia
  • South Africa
  • Spain
  • Suriname
  • Sweden
  • Togo
  • Tonga
  • Uganda
  • Ukraine
  • United Kingdom
  • Uruguay
  • Vanuatu
  • Zambia
  • Zimbabwe

Data subject rights

84 laws, 80 jurisdictions
JurisdictionLawWhat it asks, as read here
Albania Law No. 124/2024, automated decisions

Give a data subject the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal or similarly serious effects, unless a listed exception applies, and where an exception does apply, let them obtain human intervention, express their view, and contest the decision.

Andorra LQPD, automated decisions

Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them, unless a listed exception applies and you provide the required safeguards, and never subject a minor to such a decision at all.

Angola Law on the Protection of Personal Data, automated decisions

Do not base a decision that produces legal effects on, or significantly affects, a person solely on automated processing evaluating personal aspects such as their professional capacity, creditworthiness, trustworthiness or conduct, unless it occurs in performing a contract at the data subject's request with safeguards for their legitimate interests, or the APD has authorised it with safeguards.

Austria GDPR Article 22, Automated Decision-Making in Austria

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Austria rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Austria to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Barbados Data Protection Act, 2019, automated decisions

Where an automated decision rests on a contract with the data subject or on their consent, implement suitable measures to safeguard their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, and do not extend the exception to sensitive personal data unless the processing is in the public interest and those measures are in place.

Belgium GDPR Article 22, Automated Decision-Making in Belgium

Do not subject a person in Belgium to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Benin Loi n°2017-20 portant Code du Numérique en République du Bénin, Livre V, automated decisions

Do not base a decision that produces legal effects for a person, or otherwise significantly affects them, solely on automated processing, including profiling, and disclose the underlying logic and the significance and consequences of such processing when the person asks.

Bosnia and Herzegovina Law on the Protection of Personal Data of Bosnia and Herzegovina, automated decisions

Give a person a right to obtain human intervention and express their view against a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects or similarly significantly affects them, under Article 24.

Botswana Data Protection Act, 2024, automated decisions

Do not base a decision that produces legal effects concerning a person, or significantly affects them, solely on automated processing, including profiling, unless a listed exception applies, and where one does, let the person obtain human intervention, express their point of view, and contest the decision.

Brazil LGPD, review of automated decisions

Let a data subject request review of any decision made solely on automated processing of their personal data, including a decision that defines their personal, professional, consumer, or credit profile or an aspect of their personality.

Show the other 74 laws
Bulgaria GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Bulgaria

Do not subject a person in Bulgaria to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Burkina Faso Personal Data Protection Law, automated decisions

Do not base an administrative or private decision assessing a person's behavior solely on automated processing that produces a profile or personality assessment of them.

Cabo Verde Law No. 133/V/2001 on the Protection of Personal Data, automated decisions

Do not base a decision that produces legal effects on, or significantly affects, a person solely on automated processing of their personal data, including profiling, unless the law authorizes it, or the person consents to it in the course of entering into or performing a contract and either their request was satisfied or adequate measures guarantee their legitimate interests and their chance to put their point of view.

Cabo Verde Law No. 133/V/2001 on the Protection of Personal Data, automated decisions authorized by the CNPD

Where you rely on the CNPD's authorization to take a decision that produces legal effects on a person, or significantly affects them, solely on automated processing, take measures that guarantee the data subject's legitimate interests.

Cambodia Cambodia's Draft Law on Personal Data Protection, automated decisions proposed

Give a data subject the right to request human involvement where an automated decision, including profiling, produces a legal effect or similarly affects them, unless the decision is necessary to perform a contract, is authorized by specific legal provisions, or rests on the data subject's own explicit consent.

Croatia GDPR Article 22, Right Against Automated Individual Decision-Making

Do not subject a person in Croatia to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Cyprus GDPR Article 22 and Law 125(I)/2018 Article 31, Decisions About a Person in Cyprus

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Cyprus rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Cyprus to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Czech Republic GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in the Czech Republic

Do not subject a person in the Czech Republic to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Côte d'Ivoire Law No. 2013-450 on the Protection of Personal Data, automated decisions

Do not base an administrative or private decision assessing a person's behavior or personality solely on automated processing of their personal data.

Denmark GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Denmark

Give a person in Denmark a path to obtain human intervention, express their view, and contest a decision made solely by automated processing that produces a legal or similarly significant effect on them, under GDPR Article 22.

Do not subject a person in Denmark to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Djibouti Digital Code, Book I: automated individual decision-making

Do not base a decision that produces legal effects on a person, or significantly affects them, solely on automated processing of their personal data, including profiling, unless a statutory or consent-based exception applies with human-intervention, expression and contestation safeguards.

Ecuador LOPDP, automated decisions

Do not make a decision based solely or partly on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal or similarly significant effects for a data subject, and give heightened protection where the data subject is a child or adolescent.

Give children and adolescents the heightened protection article 21 provides against a decision based solely or partly on automated processing.

Estonia GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Estonia

Give a person in Estonia a path to obtain human intervention, express their view, and contest a decision made solely by automated processing that produces a legal or similarly significant effect on them, under GDPR Article 22.

Do not subject a person in Estonia to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Eswatini Data Protection Act, 2022, automated decisions

Do not base a decision that has a legal effect on a person, or that significantly affects them, solely on automated processing of their personal information intended to profile their personality or habits, except where taken under a contract at their request or under a law, code or scientific standard with safeguards in place.

Ethiopia Personal Data Protection Proclamation, automated decisions

Give a data subject the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or significantly affects them.

Do not base an automated evaluation of personal aspects relating to an individual on sensitive personal data, and where an automated decision rests on a contract with the data subject or their explicit consent, put suitable measures in place to safeguard the data subject's rights, freedoms and legitimate interests.

European Union Anti-Money-Laundering Regulation, Customer Rights on Decisions Resulting from Automated Processes and AI Systems (Article 76(5)) from , in 8 months

Subject any decision to enter or refuse to enter into or maintain a business relationship with a customer, or to carry out or refuse to carry out an occasional transaction for a customer, or to increase or decrease the extent of the customer due diligence measures applied pursuant to Article 20, to meaningful human intervention to ensure the accuracy and appropriateness of the decision (Article 76(5), point (b)).

European Union Consumer Credit Directive, Right to Human Intervention in an Automated Creditworthiness Assessment (Article 18(8)) from , in 6 days

If your creditworthiness assessment involves the use of automated processing of personal data, give the consumer the right to request and obtain human intervention from you (Article 18(8)).

European Union GDPR Article 22, Automated Individual Decision-Making

Do not subject a natural person to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects or similarly significantly affects them, unless it is necessary to enter into or perform a contract with them, is authorised by a law that itself safeguards their rights, or rests on their explicit consent.

European Union Platform Work Directive, Transparency, Human Oversight and Human Review of Automated Systems (Articles 9 to 11) from , in 3 weeks

Oversee, and with the involvement of workers' representatives, regularly and in any event every two years, evaluate the impact of individual decisions taken or supported by automated monitoring systems and automated decision-making systems on persons performing platform work, including, where applicable, on their working conditions and equal treatment at work (Article 10(1)).

Have any decision to restrict, suspend or terminate the contractual relationship or the account of a person performing platform work, or any other decision of equivalent detriment, taken by a human being (Article 10(5)).

Finland GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Finland

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Finland rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Finland to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

France GDPR Article 22, Right Against Automated Individual Decision-Making

Do not subject a person in France to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Gambia Personal Data Protection and Privacy Act, 2025, automated decision-making from a date not yet set

Do not base a decision that produces legal effects for a person, or otherwise significantly affects them, solely on automated processing, including profiling.

Germany GDPR Article 22 and BDSG Sections 31 and 37, Automated Decisions and Credit Scoring in Germany

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Germany rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Germany to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Greece GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Greece

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Greece rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Greece to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Hungary GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Hungary

Do not subject a person in Hungary to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Iceland Act No. 90/2018 Article 22, Automated Decisions in Iceland

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Iceland rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under the incorporated GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Iceland to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by a law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under the incorporated GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Ireland GDPR Article 22 and Data Protection Act 2018 Section 57, Automated Decision-Making in Ireland

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Ireland rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Ireland to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Italy GDPR Article 22 and the Garante's OpenAI/ChatGPT Enforcement

Do not subject a person in Italy to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Kiribati Data Protection Act 2025, automated decisions

Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing of personal data that produces a legal or similarly significant effect on them, unless the decision is necessary to a contract with them, authorised by a law with suitable safeguards, or authorised by their consent.

Kosovo Law No. 06/L-082 on Protection of Personal Data, automated decisions

Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects or similarly significantly affects them, unless a listed exception applies and you provide the required safeguards, including the right to obtain human intervention.

Latvia GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Latvia

Give a person in Latvia a path to obtain human intervention, express their view, and contest a decision made solely by automated processing that produces a legal or similarly significant effect on them, under GDPR Article 22.

Do not subject a person in Latvia to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Lesotho Data Protection Act, 2011, automated decision making

Do not base a decision that has a legal effect on a person, or that significantly affects them, solely on automated processing of their personal information intended to profile their personality or habits, except where taken under a contract at their request or under a law with safeguards in place.

Liechtenstein DSG Automated-Decision Rights in Liechtenstein

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Liechtenstein rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under GDPR Article 22(3) as incorporated into the EEA Agreement.

Where a decision about a person in Liechtenstein is taken solely by automated processing within the insurance, due diligence, credit or investment-service matters listed in DSG Article 37(1), take suitable measures to protect their legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to state their point of view and to contest the decision, under DSG Article 37(2), unless the decision grants the person's request in an insurance matter or concerns due diligence.

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Lithuania GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Lithuania

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Lithuania rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Lithuania to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Luxembourg GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions as Applied in Luxembourg

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Luxembourg rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Luxembourg to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Madagascar Loi n° 2014-038, automated decisions

Do not base an administrative or private decision assessing a person's conduct solely on automated profiling.

Mali Loi n° 2013-015, automated decisions

Do not base a decision producing legal effects for a person solely on an automated processing designed to profile them or evaluate aspects of their personality.

Malta GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Malta

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Malta rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Malta to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Mauritania Loi n° 2017-020 du 22 juillet 2017, automated decisions

Do not base a decision producing legal effects for a person solely on automated profiling or an automated evaluation of their personality.

Moldova Moldova Law No. 195/2024, automated decisions

Do not subject a person to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, and where a carve-out applies, give them human intervention, a chance to express their point of view and a way to contest the decision.

Monaco Loi n. 1.565 du 3 décembre 2024, automated decisions

Do not base a decision that produces legal effects for a person or significantly affects them solely on automated processing, including profiling, unless a listed exception applies, and where it does, guarantee at least the right to obtain human intervention, express a view, and contest the decision.

Morocco Law No. 09-08, automated decisions

Do not base a decision producing legal effects on a person solely on automated processing meant to profile them or evaluate an aspect of their personality, except a decision taken in forming or performing a contract where the person could comment, or one that grants the person's own request.

Netherlands GDPR Article 22 and UAVG Article 40, Automated Decisions in the Netherlands

Do not subject a person in the Netherlands to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Niger Loi n° 2022-59, automated decisions

Do not base an administrative or private decision assessing a person's behaviour or personality solely on automated processing, unless the person gave explicit consent, it is necessary to enter into or perform a contract with them, or a law or regulation otherwise authorizes it.

Nigeria Nigeria Data Protection Act, 2023 and GAID 2025, automated decisions

Give a data subject the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processes or algorithms.

North Macedonia Law on Personal Data Protection (LPDP), automated individual decision-making

Give a data subject the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, under Article 26.

Norway Personal Data Act, Automated Decisions in Norway

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in Norway rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under the incorporated GDPR Article 22(3).

Do not subject a person in Norway to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by a law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under the incorporated GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Panama Ley 81 de 2019, automated decisions

Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing of their personal data that produces a negative legal effect or a detriment to a right, unless they consented, the decision is necessary to perform a contract, or a special law authorizes it.

Peru Ley 29733, right to objective processing

Do not base a decision that has legal effects on a person, or significantly affects them, solely on an automated evaluation of their personality or conduct, outside a contractual relationship or a public-entity entry evaluation, and let them state their own view.

Poland GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Poland

Do not subject a person in Poland to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Portugal GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Portugal

Give a person in Portugal a path to obtain human intervention, express their view, and contest a decision made solely by automated processing that produces a legal or similarly significant effect on them, under GDPR Article 22.

Do not subject a person in Portugal to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Republic of the Congo Law No. 29-2019, automated decisions

Do not base a decision producing legal effects for a person solely on automated processing intended to define their profile or evaluate aspects of their personality, unless the decision arises from concluding or performing a contract on which the person had a chance to comment, or it grants their own request.

Romania GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Romania

Do not subject a person in Romania to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Rwanda Law N° 58/2021, automated decisions

Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal or other significant consequences for them, unless their explicit consent, contract necessity, or an authorising law with safeguards applies.

San Marino San Marino Law No. 171, automated decisions

Where a decision based solely on automated processing about a person in San Marino rests on a contract with them or on their explicit consent, put appropriate measures in place to safeguard their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view and to contest the decision, under Article 22(3) of Law No. 171 of 2018.

Sao Tome and Principe Lei n.º 03/2016, automated decisions

Do not subject a person to a decision that affects their legal situation or affects them significantly based solely on automated processing that assesses their personality, professional capacity, credit, trustworthiness or behavior, unless the decision is taken in connection with a contract and the person's request for the contract has been satisfied or appropriate measures safeguard their legitimate interests, or a law authorizing it establishes measures guaranteeing the data holder's legitimate rights and interests.

Senegal Loi n° 2008-12 du 25 janvier 2008, automated decisions

Do not base a decision producing legal effects for a person solely on automated profiling or an automated evaluation of their personality, except where they had the chance to make observations or the decision grants their own request.

Serbia Law on Personal Data Protection, automated decisions

Do not base a decision producing legal effects or significantly affecting a person solely on automated processing, including profiling, unless it is necessary for a contract with them, authorized by law with adequate safeguards, or based on their explicit consent, and even then give them the right to obtain human intervention, express their view, and contest the decision.

Slovakia GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Slovakia

Do not subject a person in Slovakia to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Slovenia GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Slovenia

Do not subject a person in Slovenia to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Somalia Data Protection Act, 2023, automated decisions

Do not base a decision that produces legal or similar significant effects on a person solely on automated processing, including profiling, unless a contract, a written law with safeguards, or the person's consent authorises it.

South Africa POPIA, automated decisions

Do not base a decision that has legal or substantially similar consequences for a person solely on automated processing of their personal information, unless the person can make representations about the decision and you have explained the underlying logic of the processing to them.

Spain GDPR Article 22 and LOPDGDD Article 11(2), Automated Decisions in Spain

Do not subject a person in Spain to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Suriname Draft Law on the Protection of Privacy and Personal Data, automated decisions proposed

Give a data subject the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects for them or otherwise significantly affects them, unless a listed exception applies, and never base such a decision on special categories of personal data unless a narrow exception applies with appropriate safeguards.

Sweden GDPR Article 22, Automated Decisions in Sweden

Do not subject a person in Sweden to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces legal effects concerning them or similarly significantly affects them, unless the decision is necessary for entering into or performing a contract with them, is authorised by Union or Member State law that also lays down suitable measures to safeguard their rights, or rests on their explicit consent, under GDPR Article 22(1) and (2).

Togo Loi n° 2019-014, automated individual decisions

Do not base a decision producing legal effects concerning a person solely on an automated evaluation of their personal characteristics or profile, except a contractual decision on which they could state their views or one granting their own request.

Tonga Privacy Act 2025, automated decisions from a date not yet set

Let a data subject avoid a decision based solely on automated processing.

Uganda Data Protection and Privacy Act, 2019, automated decisions

Do not base a decision that significantly affects a data subject solely on automated processing where they have given written notice against it, and where such a decision is made, notify the data subject and reconsider it within twenty-one days of their written request.

Ukraine Draft Law No. 8153, automated decision making proposed

Do not base a decision that significantly affects a data subject in Ukraine solely on automated processing, including profiling, under Article 25.

United Kingdom Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 Section 80, Automated Decision-Making, UK GDPR Articles 22A-22D

Where you take a significant decision about a person in the United Kingdom based solely on automated processing of their personal data, have safeguards in place that give them information about the decision, let them make representations about it, let them obtain human intervention, and let them contest it, under UK GDPR Article 22C.

Do not take a significant decision based solely on automated processing where your processing for it relies in any part on the recognised legitimate interests basis in UK GDPR Article 6(1)(ea), and base one on special category data only with the person's explicit consent, or where it is necessary for a contract or required or authorised by law and the Article 9(2)(g) substantial public interest condition applies, under UK GDPR Article 22B.

Uruguay Ley N° 18.331, automated decisions

Let a data subject challenge, and obtain the valuation criteria and the program behind, any administrative act or private decision based solely on automated processing of their personal data that offers an assessment of their character or personality.

Vanuatu Data Protection and Privacy Act 2024, automated decisions

Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling.

Zambia Data Protection Act, 2021, automated decisions

Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing that has legal or similarly significant effects without human intervention.

Where an automated decision rests on a contract, a written law or explicit consent, put suitable safeguards in place, including the right to obtain human intervention, to put a point of view and to contest the decision, and do not process sensitive personal data automatically at all unless the data subject expressly consented, the processing is in the public interest, or a written law permits it with safeguards.

Zimbabwe Cyber and Data Protection Act, rights of the data subject

Do not take a decision about a data subject on the basis of automatic data processing outside what section 25 allows, and deal with a child data subject through the representation section 26 provides.

AI risk obligations

2 laws, 2 jurisdictions
JurisdictionLawWhat it asks, as read here
European Union AI Act, Article 14 (human oversight) from , in 13 months

For a remote biometric identification system (Annex III point 1(a)), build your oversight measures so that no action or decision is taken on the identification result unless it has been separately verified and confirmed by at least two natural persons with the necessary competence, training and authority, except where the system is used for law enforcement, migration, border control or asylum and Union or national law treats that two-person requirement as disproportionate.

Italy Decreto Legislativo 160/2026, After-the-Fact Facial Recognition Integrated in Video Surveillance (Art. 10)

Do not base a decision with adverse legal effects on the person concerned solely on facial-recognition results, and do not use the systems in an untargeted way or for generalised or indiscriminate biometric identification (art. 10, commi 10 and 11).

AI sector rules

2 laws, 2 jurisdictions
JurisdictionLawWhat it asks, as read here
Mauritius FSC Fintech Series Guidance Notes 4, responsible use of artificial intelligence in financial services

It reaches you if you are licensed by the Financial Services Commission of Mauritius as an insurer, a wealth manager or another non-bank financial institution (NBFI): the Commission says that, in accordance with section 38 of the Data Protection Act 2017, you are required to ensure that data subjects are informed that automated decision-making processes exist, that meaningful information is provided on their logic, criteria and significance, and that individuals can obtain human intervention, express their views and contest the outcome.

Sweden Consumer Credit Act (2026:1011), Chapter 2 Section 7 and Chapter 3 Section 15, Personalised Offers and Credit Assessment by Automated Processing from , in 6 days

If your credit assessment involves automated processing of personal data, on the consumer's request review the assessment through human involvement, explain it and the significance of the automated processing for the decision on the application, and inform the consumer of the risks of automated processing (Chapter 3, section 15, first paragraph).

Comprehensive regime

2 laws, 2 jurisdictions
JurisdictionLawWhat it asks, as read here
Belize Data Protection Act 2021, comprehensive regime from a date not yet set

Do not base a decision solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produces a legal or similarly significant effect on a person, unless a contract, an authorising enactment with safeguards, or the person's consent applies, and never for sensitive personal data outside the public interest.

Cayman Islands Data Protection Act 2021 Revision, application, principles and data subject rights

Do not base a decision that significantly affects a data subject solely on automated processing of their personal data without notifying them and honouring a request to reconsider.

Sensitive categories

1 law, 1 jurisdiction
JurisdictionLawWhat it asks, as read here
Zimbabwe Cyber and Data Protection Regulations 2024, children's information and automated decisions

Obtain the consent of a parent or legal guardian before processing a child's personal information, and do not subject a child's data to automated decision-making that affects the child's rights.

Do not subject any data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing which produces legal effects concerning them, without their consent or a provision established by law.

Full text of the NIST Privacy Framework, public domain (a US government work). Every control of the framework.