Law / United States / 
Arizona
Digital impersonation of a candidate or other person (civil action)
In force since .
An AI transparency rule binding public and private bodies.
- Criminal exposure
- No
- Private right of action
- Yes
- How the hook was established
- express
- What makes it apply
- Data subject residence
- Obligation class
- Disclosure
- Audit expectation
- none
- Setting the rule reaches
- Elections, General
What it requires
- If you publish synthetic media depicting a real, identifiable person that was generated or manipulated using deep generative AI methods to convincingly replace or simulate that person's likeness or voice, reasonably convey to your audience that it is a digital impersonation, or that its authenticity is disputed, unless a reasonable person would already find that obvious.
- An interactive computer service is not liable under this section merely for publishing content created by another information content provider.
- Content that is commentary, parody, satire, criticism, or artistic expression, or that was created by or with the consent of the person depicted, falls outside this section's definition of digital impersonation.
These lines are LexLint's reading of the law's text.
In the frameworks
- NIST AI RMF
- MEASURE 2.8Risks associated with transparency and accountability – as identified in the MAP function – are examined and documented.
- NIST AI 600-1
- GAI-RISK-07Human-AI Configuration
- GAI-RISK-08Information Integrity
- MIT mitigations Draft
- FINOS AIGF
- AIR-DET-021Agent Decision Audit and Explainability
- ETSI EN 304 223
Our reading of where this law's duties sit in each framework. It never says that running a control meets the law. How we read a framework against the law
Identifiers refer to ETSI EN 304 223 V2.1.1 (2025-12), © ETSI 2025, all rights reserved. ETSI owns the standard; no ETSI text (titles or sentences) is reproduced here. The standard is free to download from ETSI.
Who enforces it
Enforcement body
Private plaintiffs only: a candidate for public office or political party office who will appear on the ballot in Arizona, or any Arizona citizen, through a civil action in superior court; a parent or guardian may sue for a minor child or incapacitated person.
Settledness
- As of
- Open questions
- Does subsection I's requirement that the plaintiff "was not a public figure, including a limited public figure," at the time the cause of action accrued bar a candidate for public office from recovering injunctive relief or damages under section 16-1023?
- Does "actual knowledge that the recording or image was a digital impersonation" in section 16-1023(I)(3) require that the publisher knew the content was deceptive, or only that it was synthetic media?
What it makes you log
Logging duty
Section 16-1023 conditions liability for a digital impersonation on whether the publisher reasonably conveyed that the content was a digital impersonation or that its authenticity was disputed; it creates no duty to log, record, or document an impersonation's creation, publication, or removal.
- Kind
- None
- As of
What this law does
A candidate for public office or political party office, or any citizen of Arizona, may bring an action for digital impersonation, defined as synthetic media digitally manipulated or generated using deep generative methods and artificial intelligence techniques to convincingly replace or simulate a person's likeness or voice, created with intent to deceive, that a reasonable viewer or listener would believe is an authentic depiction, and that is not commentary, parody, satire, criticism, or artistic expression.
Liability turns on non-disclosure: a plaintiff must show the digital impersonation was published without the publisher reasonably conveying that it was a digital impersonation or that its authenticity was disputed, or that this would not be obvious to a reasonable person.
The sole remedy is preliminary and permanent declaratory relief unless the plaintiff also proves an additional element, such as a pending election within one hundred eighty days for a candidate-plaintiff, a sexual or criminal-act depiction, or reasonably expected personal, financial, or reputational harm, in which case injunctive relief and damages are also available.
An interactive computer service is not liable under this section merely for publishing content supplied by another information content provider. Enacted as chapter 193 of the 2024 session laws and approved by the Governor as an emergency measure on , operative immediately, the section states that it applies fourteen days after its effective date.
When LexLint raises it
When your app profile says your app generates audio with AI, generates images with AI or generates video with AI.
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