Law / United States / 
North Dakota
House Bill 1429 (2025), harassment and stalking with a robot
N.D. Cent. Code §§ 12.1-17-07(2)(f), 12.1-17-07.1
In force since .
An AI prohibited practices rule binding public and private bodies.
- Obligation class
- Prohibition
- Audit expectation
- none
What it requires
- Do not use a robot, defined to include any artificial object or system that senses, processes, and acts using technology, including one built on artificial intelligence or a remotely piloted drone, to engage in offensive conduct against a person with no legitimate purpose.
- Do not use a robot to track a person's movements or location, or otherwise carry out an act of a course of conduct with a robot in your direct control, in a way that frightens, intimidates, or harasses the person with no legitimate purpose.
These lines are LexLint's reading of the law's text.
In the frameworks
- NIST AI RMF
- MAP 3.3Targeted application scope is specified and documented based on the system’s capability, established context, and AI system categorization.
- NIST AI 600-1
- GAI-RISK-08Information Integrity
- GAI-RISK-11Obscene, Degrading, and/or Abusive Content
- MIT mitigations Draft
- FINOS AIGF
- AIR-PREV-005System Acceptance Testing
- ETSI EN 304 223
Our reading of where this law's duties sit in each framework. It never says that running a control meets the law. How we read a framework against the law
Identifiers refer to ETSI EN 304 223 V2.1.1 (2025-12), © ETSI 2025, all rights reserved. ETSI owns the standard; no ETSI text (titles or sentences) is reproduced here. The standard is free to download from ETSI.
If you get it wrong
Criminal exposureYes
Criminal exposure note
Using a robot to engage in offensive conduct with no legitimate purpose is harassment under N.D. Cent. Code § 12.1-17-07 and a class B misdemeanor. Stalking under N.D. Cent. Code § 12.1-17-07.1, including unauthorized tracking of a person's movements or location through a robot, is a class A misdemeanor, or a class C felony if the person has a qualifying prior conviction for a violent or stalking offense involving the same victim or violates a protective order with notice of it.
What it makes you log
Logging duty
Sections 12.1-17-07(2)(f) and 12.1-17-07.1 create the harassment and stalking offenses that reach conduct carried out with a robot. Neither requires a log, record, or documentation of any kind.
- Kind
- None
- As of
What this law does
House Bill 1429 amended North Dakota's harassment and stalking statutes to define 'robot' as an artificial object or system that senses, processes, and acts using technology, including the associated elements, communication links, and artificial intelligence, a definition that also reaches a remotely piloted aircraft. Under N.D. Cent. Code § 12.1-17-07(2)(f), a person is guilty of harassment, a class B misdemeanor, for using a robot to engage in offensive conduct with no legitimate purpose.
Under N.D. Cent. Code § 12.1-17-07.1, unauthorized tracking of a person's movements or location through a robot, or a course of conduct that includes an act conducted with a robot in the person's direct control, can constitute stalking, a class A misdemeanor, or a class C felony where the person has a qualifying prior conviction or violates a protective order with notice.
House Bill 1429 passed both chambers without a dissenting vote, was signed by the governor , and was filed with the secretary of state , without an emergency clause. The North Dakota Legislative Council's own report on the effective dates of 2025 legislation states that House Bill 1429 took effect .
When LexLint raises it
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