Distributes a software product, in Cyprus

Ο περί Ελαττωματικών Προϊόντων (Αστική Ευθύνη) Νόμος του 1995 (N. 105(I)/1995) · Read the law's page

• The Law applies to a movable good (κινητό αγαθό), including one contained in another good or built into immovable property, and to electricity and liquefied gas; it is not settled whether it reaches software supplied on its own or as a service (Article 2(1)).
• If you make a product or a component, including raw material, or present yourself as the producer by putting your name, trade mark or another distinguishing mark on the product, you answer for damage that the injured person proves a defect caused wholly or partly (Articles 2(1) and 5).
• If you import a product into Cyprus in the course of your business to supply it to another, you answer as if you were the producer (Article 6, point (a)).
• If you supply a product to another, answer in writing and within a reasonable time a written request to identify the producer or your own supplier, or you answer as if you were the producer (Article 6, point (b)).
• Offer the safety a person may expect, judged on all the circumstances, including how and for what purposes the product was put into circulation, any instructions, warnings or safety marks, and the time it was put into circulation (Article 4).
• Do not rely on a contract term, a notice or any other provision to limit or exclude your liability for damage from a defective product, because it is void (Article 7, point (c)).
• Be able to prove a defense: that you did not make the product for sale or distribution for economic purpose, did not put it into circulation, that the defect lay wholly in the design of the product it was built into or the producer's instructions, that it lay wholly in compliance with a statutory requirement, that it probably did not exist or appeared later, or that the state of scientific and technical knowledge did not allow the defect to be discovered (Article 12).
• Keep the claim periods in view: three years from the day the injured person knew or could reasonably have known of the damage, the defect and the producer, and ten years from the day the product was put into circulation unless an express guarantee ran longer or the damage could not reasonably be discovered earlier (Article 11).

Art. 42A of the Security of Networks and Information Systems Law of 2020, N. 89(I)/2020, as inserted by the Security of Networks and Information Systems (Amendment) Law of 2025, N. 60(I)/2025 · Read the law's page

• This binds a manufacturer, importer or distributor placing on the Cypriot market radio equipment of a category or class the Authority has designated by Decision under Article 42A(2); which categories are in scope, and the conformity-assessment and notified-body approval procedure that applies to them, is fixed in that Decision and is not described here.
• Construct the equipment so that it does not harm the network, and its operation does not misuse network resources so as to cause an unacceptable degradation of service.
• Incorporate safeguards to protect the personal data and privacy of the equipment's users and subscriber, and support features protecting against fraud.
• Support features ensuring that software can be installed on the radio equipment only once the compatibility of the combination of the radio equipment and the software has been demonstrated.

Ο περί της Προσβασιμότητας Προϊόντων και Υπηρεσιών Νόμος του 2024 (57(I)/2024), άρθρα 2, 10, 12, 13 και 15 · Read the law's page

• If you import a listed product from a third country into the Union market, place on the market only products that comply with the accessibility requirements of the Law (Art. 10(α); Arts. 4(1) and 5(2)).
• Before placing a product on the market, make sure the manufacturer carried out the conformity assessment procedure and drew up the technical file, that the product bears the CE marking and comes with the required documents, and that the manufacturer met its duties on type or batch numbers and contact details (Art. 10(β)).
• Do not place a product on the market while you consider or have reason to believe that it does not comply with the applicable accessibility requirements, until it complies, and inform the manufacturer and the competent authority (Art. 10(γ)).
• Put your name, registered trade name or trademark and contact address on the product, its packaging or an accompanying document, in a language easily understood by end users and the accessibility surveillance authorities, and make sure the product comes with instructions and safety information in a language easily understood by consumers (Art. 10(δ) and (ε)).
• Make sure storage and transport conditions, while you are responsible for the product, do not endanger its conformity (Art. 10(στ)).
• Keep a copy of the EU declaration of conformity at the disposal of the competent authority and the accessibility surveillance authorities for five years from the date the product was placed on the market, and make sure the technical file can be made available to them (Art. 10(ζ)).
• If you consider or have reason to believe that a product you placed on the market does not comply, take the corrective measures needed or withdraw it, inform the competent authority at once, and keep a register of non-compliant products and related complaints (Art. 10(η)).
• On a reasoned request give the authorities the information and documentation needed to show conformity, in a language easily understood by them, and cooperate with them in remedying non-conformity (Art. 10(θ)).
• Identify to the competent authority every operator that supplied you with a product or to which you supplied one, for five years (Art. 13).
• If you place a product on the market under your own name or trademark, or modify a product already on the market in a way that may affect conformity, you carry the manufacturer's obligations under Article 8 (Art. 12).

Ο περί της Προσβασιμότητας Προϊόντων και Υπηρεσιών Νόμος του 2024 (57(I)/2024), άρθρα 2, 11, 12, 13 και 15 · Read the law's page

• If you make a listed product available on the market without being its manufacturer or importer, act with due care in relation to the accessibility requirements of the Law (Art. 11(α)).
• Before making a product available, verify that it bears the CE marking, comes with the required documents and with instructions and safety information in a language easily understood by consumers and other end users in the Republic, and that the manufacturer and importer met their duties on identification and contact details (Art. 11(β)).
• Do not make a product available while you consider or have reason to believe that it does not comply with the applicable accessibility requirements, until it complies, and inform the manufacturer or importer and the competent authority (Art. 11(γ)).
• Make sure storage and transport conditions, while you are responsible for the product, do not endanger its conformity (Art. 11(δ)).
• If you consider or have reason to believe that a product you made available does not comply, make sure the corrective measures needed are taken or that it is withdrawn, and inform the competent authority at once with details of the non-conformity and the measures taken (Art. 11(ε)).
• On a reasoned request give the competent authority and the accessibility surveillance authorities the information and documentation needed to show conformity, and cooperate with them in remedying non-conformity (Art. 11(στ)).
• Identify to the competent authority every operator that supplied you with a product or to which you supplied one, for five years (Art. 13).
• If you place a product on the market under your own name or trademark, or modify a product already on the market in a way that may affect conformity, you carry the manufacturer's obligations under Article 8 (Art. 12).

Ο περί της Προσβασιμότητας Προϊόντων και Υπηρεσιών Νόμος του 2024 (57(I)/2024), άρθρα 3, 20 έως 24, 27, 33 έως 40 και 43 · Read the law's page

• Comply with a notice from the competent authority or an accessibility surveillance authority within the period it sets, and take the corrective measures it requires, including measures to bring a product or service into conformity, to prevent it being made available, to withdraw or recall a product, or to stop providing a service (Arts. 21(2), 33 and 34).
• Cooperate fully with the competent authority and the accessibility surveillance authorities when they evaluate a product they have sufficient reason to believe does not comply, and make sure the appropriate corrective action is taken for every product you made available on the Union market (Art. 21(1) and (4)).
• Give the competent authority and the accessibility surveillance authorities the documents, technical specifications, data and information they request about conformity, including access to embedded software where it is needed to assess conformity, and give a translation into Greek or English where they ask for one (Art. 27(1)(α) and (2)(β)).
• If a notice under Art. 33 or 34 follows the examination, testing or checking of your product, service or documents, expect the authorities to ask you to pay the costs of buying, examining and testing them (Art. 40(1)).
• Do not intentionally obstruct an authorised officer of the competent authority or of an accessibility surveillance authority who is acting under the Law (Art. 35(ζ)).
• Where an operator invokes the fundamental alteration or disproportionate burden defence, expect the authorities to check that the assessment was made, review it against the criteria in Annex IV and check compliance with the accessibility requirements (Art. 20(2)).
• If you ask the competent authority to let a product or service back on the market, or to lift a ban imposed because it lacks the CE marking or the required documents, pay in advance the expected costs of examining and testing it and checking its documents, whatever the result (Art. 40(2)).

Ο περί της Προσβασιμότητας Προϊόντων και Υπηρεσιών Νόμος του 2024 (57(I)/2024), άρθρα 4(1), 5(2), 8, 9, 12, 13, 15 έως 17 και 19 · Read the law's page

• If you manufacture and place on the market general-purpose consumer computer hardware systems and their operating systems, payment terminals, automated teller machines, ticketing machines, check-in machines or interactive self-service information terminals (other than terminals installed as integral parts of vehicles, aircraft, ships or rolling stock), consumer terminal equipment with interactive computing capability used for electronic communications services or for accessing audiovisual media services, or e-readers, make the product meet Section I of Annex I and, except for self-service terminals, Section II of Annex I (Arts. 4(1) and 5(2); Directive Art. 4(2)).
• Section I of Annex I: provide accessible information on the product's operation and accessibility features, make the instructions available through more than one sensory channel, and give the product and its user interface features, elements and functions that let persons with disabilities access, perceive, operate, understand and control it, including alternatives to speech, colour, audio signals and biometric identification, flexible magnification, brightness and contrast, and interoperability with assistive technologies (Annex I, Section I, points 1 and 2).
• For self-service terminals, provide text-to-speech technology, allow the use of personal headsets, alert the user through more than one sensory channel where a response time applies, allow the time limit to be extended, do not require an accessibility feature to be switched on to use the terminal, give keys and controls sufficient contrast and tactile discernibility, and, where the terminal uses sound or audio signals, make it compatible with the assistive devices and technologies available at Union level, including hearing aids, telecoils, cochlear implants and assistive listening devices (Annex I, Section I, point 2(ιε)(i)).
• For e-readers, provide text-to-speech technology. For consumer terminal equipment used for electronic communications services, handle real-time text where the product has text capabilities in addition to voice, support high-fidelity audio, handle total conversation (synchronised voice, real-time text and video at a resolution that allows sign language communication) where it has video capabilities, couple effectively with wireless hearing technologies and avoid interference with assistive devices. For consumer terminal equipment used to access audiovisual media services, make available to persons with disabilities the accessibility components that the audiovisual media service provider supplies, for user access, selection, control, personalisation and transfer to assistive devices (Annex I, Section I, point 2(ιε)(ii) to (iv)).
• Where you have support services (help desks, call centres, technical support, relay and training services), have them give information on the product's accessibility and its compatibility with assistive technologies in accessible formats of communication (Annex I, Section I, point 3).
• Section II of Annex I: make the packaging and instructions of the product accessible, other than for self-service terminals (Annex I, Section II).
• Design and manufacture the product in accordance with the applicable accessibility requirements, draw up the technical file under Annex II, carry out the conformity assessment procedure or have it carried out, and where conformity is shown draw up the EU declaration of conformity and affix the CE marking (Art. 8(α) and (β); Arts. 17 and 19).
• Draw up the EU declaration of conformity on the model in Annex III to Decision 768/2008/EC with the elements Annex II of the Law lists, keep it continuously updated, have it translated into the languages the competent authority sets by Notification in the Official Gazette, draw up a single declaration where several Union acts require one, and affix the CE marking visibly, legibly and indelibly to the product or its data plate before the product is placed on the market (Arts. 17(2) and (3) and 19(1) and (2)).
• Keep the technical file and the EU declaration of conformity for five years from the date the product was placed on the market, and keep procedures so that series production stays in conformity, taking account of changes in the design or characteristics of the product and in the harmonised standards or technical specifications (Art. 8(γ) and (δ)).
• Mark each product with a type, batch or serial number, put your name, registered trade name or trademark and a contact address that gives a single point of contact on the product, its packaging or an accompanying document, with the contact details in a language easily understood by end users and by the competent authority and the accessibility surveillance authorities (Art. 8(ε) and (στ)).
• Supply the product with instructions and safety information in a language easily understood by consumers and other end users, as the competent authority determines by Notification in the Official Gazette, and make them clear, understandable and intelligible (Art. 8(ζ)).
• If you consider or have reason to believe that a product you placed on the market does not comply, take the corrective measures needed or withdraw it, inform the competent authority at once with details of the non-conformity and the measures taken, and keep a register of non-conforming products and related complaints (Art. 8(η)).
• On a reasoned request give the competent authority and the accessibility surveillance authorities the information and documentation needed to show conformity, in a language easily understood by them, and cooperate with them in remedying non-conformity (Art. 8(θ)).
• You may appoint an authorised representative by written mandate; the mandate must give the representative at least the task of keeping the EU declaration of conformity and the technical file at the authorities' disposal for five years, providing information and documentation on request, and cooperating on remedial action, and the representative does not take over your Article 8(α) duties or the drawing up of the technical file (Art. 9).
• Identify to the competent authority every operator that supplied you with a product or to which you supplied one, for five years from the date of supply (Art. 13).
• Assess whether compliance would require a significant change that fundamentally alters the basic nature of the product or would impose a disproportionate burden by the criteria in Annex IV, document the assessment, keep the results for five years from the last time the product was made available, and give the authorities a copy on request; a microenterprise dealing with products need not document its assessment but must give the authorities the facts relevant to it on request (Art. 15(1) to (4)).
• Inform the competent authority when you rely on the fundamental alteration or disproportionate burden defence for a particular product, unless you are a microenterprise, and, if you receive funding from sources other than your own resources, public or private, provided for the purpose of improving accessibility, do not rely on the disproportionate burden defence (Art. 15(6) and (7)).
• Where you rely on the fundamental alteration or disproportionate burden defence, name the accessibility requirements it covers in the EU declaration of conformity (Art. 17(1)).

Ο περί της Ευθύνης λόγω Ελαττωματικών Προϊόντων Νόμος του 2026 (Liability for Defective Products Bill) · Read the law's page

• This bill is not law: the consultation draft was posted on 25 February 2026, and it would apply to products made available on the market after 9 December 2026 (draft Articles 3(1) and 18(1)).
• If you develop, make or produce software, have it designed or made, or put your name or trade mark on it, you answer as its manufacturer; free and open-source software developed or supplied outside a commercial activity is outside the draft (draft Articles 2 and 3(2)(a)).
• Keep supplying the software updates and upgrades needed to keep the product safe while it is within your control; a defect from software, an update or upgrade, a missing safety update, a related service or a substantial modification is not excused on the ground that the defect arose after you placed the product on the market (draft Article 10(2)).
• Judge safety against all the circumstances, including cybersecurity requirements, any ability of the product to keep learning or acquire new features after it is placed on the market, and any recall (draft Article 6(2)).
• Keep documents you could produce: when a claimant shows facts and evidence supporting a plausible claim, the court can require you to disclose the documents in your possession or control, and failing to produce the relevant evidence presumes the product defective (draft Articles 8(1) and 9(2)(a)).
• Meet the mandatory safety requirements, national or EU, that protect against the harm suffered: a claimant who shows that a product does not meet them gets a presumption of defect (draft Article 9(2)(b)).
• If you are the importer, the authorized representative or the fulfilment service provider of a manufacturer established outside the EU, you answer in the manufacturer's place; a distributor, or an online platform that lets consumers conclude distance contracts with traders, answers too if it does not name an operator or its own supplier within one month of the request (draft Article 7(1)(c), (3) and (4)).
• If you substantially modify a product outside the manufacturer's control and then make it available on the market or put it into service, you answer as its manufacturer (draft Article 7(2)).
• Do not rely on a contract term or national law to be released from liability to the injured person (draft Article 14).
• Be ready to prove an excuse: that you did not place the product on the market or put it into service, that the defect probably did not exist then or appeared afterwards, that it results from complying with legal requirements, that the objective state of scientific and technical knowledge did not allow it to be discovered, or the component and modification excuses (draft Article 10(1)).
• If you integrate a software component made by someone else into a product, you cannot sue the component's manufacturer where it was a micro or small enterprise when it placed the component on the market or you agreed by contract to waive that right (draft Article 11(2)).
• Keep the claim periods in view: three years from the day the injured person learned or could reasonably have learned of the damage, the defect and the liable operator; ten years from the day the defective product was placed on the market or put into service; 25 years where latent personal injury prevented a claim (draft Articles 15 and 16).