European UnionGDPR Articles 12-22, Data Subject Rights
Regulation (EU) 2016/679, Arts. 12-22
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What follows is LexLint's own research summary of this law, not legal advice.
In force since 25 May 2018.
A data subject rights rule binding public and private bodies.
As of 23 August 2026.
What it requires
- Honor a data subject's request to access, rectify, erase, restrict, port, or object to processing of their personal data within one month of receipt.
- Provide a meaningful human review before finalizing any decision based solely on automated processing that produces legal or similarly significant effects for a person in the EU.
If you get it wrong
Criminal exposureNo
Private right of actionYes
Penalty structure
Article 83(5)(b) subjects an infringement of the data subjects' rights in Articles 12 to 22 to the higher administrative-fine tier, up to EUR 20,000,000 or 4 percent of total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher.
- Rule
- Higher of
- As of
- 2 September 2026
- Currency
- EUR
- Fixed cap
- 20,000,000
- Turnover percentage cap
- 4
Who enforces it
Enforcement body
The data protection supervisory authority designated by each EU Member State under Article 51, coordinated on cross-border cases through the one stop shop mechanism and the European Data Protection Board (Articles 68-76).
Enforcement record
CMS GDPR Enforcement Tracker Report, 7th edition (cut-off 1 March 2026, published 21 May 2026): 2,685 fines with complete amount, date and controller information recorded across the EU/EEA since the GDPR became applicable on 25 May 2018 (3,062 including cases with incomplete information), totalling approximately EUR 6.11 billion, the first time the tracker's cumulative total crossed EUR 6 billion. actions_per_year (440) and fines_per_year (approximately EUR 487.6 million) are the report's own comparison against its prior, 2025 edition (roughly a one-year interval between editions), not a fixed calendar year; trend is recorded as rising on that reported increase. Counts DPA-imposed administrative fines only; the report does not separately track private civil claims under Article 82. This is the Regulation's enforcement record as a whole, not specific to Articles 12 to 22.
- As of
- 2 September 2026
- Trend
- Rising
- Currency
- EUR
- Source link
- https://cms.law/en/int/publication/GDPR-Enforcement-Tracker-Report/numbers-and-figures
- Total fines
- 6,110,000,000
- Fines per year
- 487,600,000
- Actions per year
- 440
What it reaches
Obligation class
Data subject rights, Disclosure
Also on the record
EEA status
- Annex
- XI
- Status
- Incorporated
- Force date
- 20 July 2018
- Joint committee decision number
- 154/2018
- Source link
- https://www.efta.int/eea-lex/32016r0679
- Decision date
- 6 July 2018
What this law does
Drafted with AI from the cited sources under the direction of UnGovr staff. UnGovr holds editorial responsibility for this page.
Articles 12-22 give a data subject access (Article 15), rectification (Article 16), erasure (Article 17), restriction (Article 18), portability (Article 20) and objection (Article 21) rights against the controller, ordinarily to be honored within one month, and a right under Article 22 not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing that produces legal or similarly significant effects, absent a qualifying exception and safeguards including meaningful human review.
The Court of Justice held in SCHUFA (Case C-634/21, 7 December 2023) that an automated credit score a third party relies on to make its own decision falls within Article 22 even though the scoring entity is not the final decision maker.
When LexLint raises it
crawls_webtrains_modelsgenerates_contentdeploys_chatbotautomated_outreachhigh_risk_decisions
Read the law
Official Journal text, EUR-Lex, Regulation (EU) 2016/679
CJEU Case C-634/21 (SCHUFA)
Every line above is drawn from the primary source linked here, read on the date shown. This is a research summary, not legal advice.